Term
| Identify and describe the two types of respiration |
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Definition
| Internal (cellular) and External; use of oxygen at mitochondria to lead to CO2 production; exchange of gas between atmosphere and body tissue |
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Term
| external respiration involves what 2 systems? |
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Definition
| respiratory and circulatory |
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Term
| ____ respiration is necessary for ____ respiration to occur |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four processes of external respiration? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary ventilation (breathing); exchange of gases between lungs and blood via diffusion; transportation of gases between lungs and body tissues; exchange of gases between blood and tissues via diffusion |
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Term
| What are the functions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| acid-base balance in the blood; vocalization; defense against pathogens; route for water and heat loss; enhancing venous return (respiratory pump); activating plasma proteins as the pass through pulmonary circuit |
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Term
| What are the two zones of the respiratory tract? |
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Definition
| conducting and respiratory |
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Term
| What are the structures of the respiratory system made of? |
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Definition
| lined with epithelial tissue with cilia and lined with mucous membranes and goblet cells |
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Term
| how much dead space is there in the respiratory branches? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fibers cover all alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure allows for air flow between 2 adjacent alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What separates air from blood in the body? |
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Definition
| thin respiratory membrane |
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Term
| What type of tissue are the alveoli made of? |
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelial |
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Term
| What are the two factors that make gas exchange quick? |
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Definition
| thin respiratory membrane and huge surface area of the alveoli (size of a tennis court) |
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Term
| the ___ cavity MUST be kept air tight |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three structures the pleural sac is adhered to? |
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Definition
| lung, chest wall, and diaphragm |
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Term
ID:
double-layered membrane of simple squamous epithelium; serous fluid fills cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three functions of the pleura? |
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Definition
| lubrication between moving organs; compartmentalization of the thoracic cavity; intrapleural pressure keeps the lungs partially expanded at all times |
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Term
| What structure is responsible for maintaining pleural pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four forces in pulmonary ventilation? |
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Definition
| atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| outside air; 760mmhg at sea level; all other pressures are expressed relative to it |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure of air in the alveoli; at rest P alv = P atm; < during inspiration; > durign expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure in the pleural cavity; changes with phases of ventilation but ALWAYS less that P atm |
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Term
| What is the equation for transpulmonary pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Both the ___ and ___ are highly elastic |
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Definition
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Term
| at rest the chest wall is ___ and is an example of ____ recoil |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest the lung wall is ___ ____ and is an example of ___ recoil |
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Definition
| stretched outward; inward |
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Term
| What action prevents the collapse of the lungs? |
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Definition
| the pulling of the pleura in opposite directions (negative ip pressure) |
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Term
| air flow and blood flow follow what principle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the equation for Flow? |
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Definition
Pressure Gradient (ΔP) = P1- P2
Resistance R |
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Term
| What is the equation for air flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines the direction of air movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main determinants of P alv? |
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Definition
| quantity of air molecules in alveoli; alveolar volume (size) |
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Term
| What two factor effect alveolar volume? |
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Definition
| changes in vol of thoracic cavity; respiratory muscles expanding or compressing the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| What muscles are responsible for inspiration? |
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Definition
| external intercostals and diaphragm |
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Term
| What muscles are responsible for expiration? |
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Definition
| internal intercostals and abdominals |
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Term
| What is the equation for lung compliance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is larger compliance better? |
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Definition
| smaller change in transpulmonary pressure lead to more air being brought in (less muscle work for more air) |
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Term
| What are the factors that effect lung compliance? |
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Definition
| elasticity of lungs; surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli |
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Term
| What substance is responsible for decreasing lung compliance and what other substance combats it? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detergent-like substance secreted by type II cells that helps combat effects of water in alveoli |
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Term
T/F:
surfactant is more concentrated in larger alveoli |
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Definition
| false; reduces amount of pressure inside it necessary to prevent collapse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| as airway resistance increases, you need a larger ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three factors that effect air resistance? |
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Definition
| changes in transpulmonary pressure; bronchoconstriction vs bronchodilation; mucous secretion |
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Term
| What are the two main local chemical mediators? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main obstructive pulmonary diseases and their treatments? |
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Definition
| COPD; Asthma; anti-inflammatories (steroids) and B2 adrenergic receptor agonists |
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Term
ID:
technique for measuring the volumes of inspired and expired air |
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Definition
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Term
| Define minute ventilation and ID its equation |
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Definition
| total amt of air that flows in or out of the respiratory system in a minute; V e = V t X RR |
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Term
| Describe dead space ventilation |
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Definition
| DSV; for every 500 ml breathed in, 150 ml remains in the conducting zone |
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Term
| Define alveolar ventilation and provide its definition |
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Definition
Va; volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute
(Vt - DSV)X RR |
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Term
| Describe Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases |
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Definition
| increase resistance; air gets trapped in lungs and they become over inflated; RV increases; VC and TLC decrease |
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Term
| Describe restrictive pulmonary disease |
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Definition
| decrease compliance; structural damage to lungs, pleura, or chest wall; decrease VC and TLC |
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Term
ID:
maximal inspiration followed by maximal expiration; get as much VC out as possible; low score indicates disease |
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Definition
| Forced Vital Capacity Test (FVC) |
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Term
| Describe the forced expiratory volume test |
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Definition
| measure of the percent of FVC that can be exhaled in a given time; FEV1/FVC; normal is greater than 80% |
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