Term
| How many types of cells are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of fibers and their purpose? |
|
Definition
| Collagen (strength), Reticular (support), Elastic (recoil) |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
| nerves, spinal cord, and the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for neurolglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four functions of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| Extensibility, elasticity, contractibility, and excitability |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel |
|
|
Term
True or false:
endocrine glands act locally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the overall function of CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conditions in the internal environment are maintained by homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| Composition of ECF, Temperature ECF, Volume of ECF |
|
|
Term
| All organ systems except which one function to maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways of maintaining homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| Negative and Positive feedback |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of biomolecules? |
|
Definition
| Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| Biomolecules contain ____ atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical property of the hydroxyl group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical property of the sulfylhydryl group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical property of phosphate group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical property of the carboxyl group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical property of the amino group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three classifications of carbs? |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| Are carbs polar or non-polar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two forms of carbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polymer subunits= __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are lipids polar or non-polar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having polar and non-polar properties |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of a triglyceride? |
|
Definition
| glycerol molecule and 3 FA molecules |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids have a ____ head and and ____ tail |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polar heads of phopholipids face the ____ and _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Micelle? |
|
Definition
| to transport lipid-soluble substances |
|
|
Term
| What is the most prevalent steroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Amino Acids are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are polymers of amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which protein structure has alpha helixes and beta pleats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of protein conformation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe fibrous proteins |
|
Definition
| Elongated; function in structure or contraction |
|
|
Term
| Describe Globular proteins |
|
Definition
| Coiled, folded, and irregular |
|
|
Term
| What are four functions (forms) of globular proteins? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes, hormones, carriers, and receptors |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of nucleotides and nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| transfer of energy and formation of genetic material |
|
|
Term
| What are the four nucleotides used for energy transfer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some nucleotides form ____ structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find the most mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| In skeletal/cardiac muscle and nerves |
|
|
Term
| Nucleotides can also be used for ___ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two polymers of nucleotides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic components of all cells? |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What is a function of transmembrane proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and nucleolus |
|
|
Term
ID:
the double membrane of the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the membranous organelles? |
|
Definition
| ER, Golgi, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, and peroxisomes |
|
|
Term
ID:
the holes in the membrane of the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID:
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Chromatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of the cytosol? |
|
Definition
| Inclusions and secretory vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary structures in some cells ( triglycerides and glycogen) |
|
|
Term
| Define secretory vesicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nickname for the ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of smooth ER? |
|
Definition
| steroid and triglyceride production |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of rough ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an examples of a quaternary structure? |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin; 4 polypeptide chains |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
cisternae that receive, modify, and send out proteins (cis face to trans face)
More prominent in secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the mitochondria and why? |
|
Definition
| Cell "powerhouse" because it produces ATP |
|
|
Term
| ___ ____ structure is VERY IMPORTANT in ATP production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the cristae of the inner membrane? |
|
Definition
| to increase SA so more ATP can be produced |
|
|
Term
| What are two functions of lysosomes? |
|
Definition
| autophagy and endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What toxin is produced by peroxisomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a non-membranous organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are ribosomes made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the locations for ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| cytosol, RER, Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of filments that make the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules |
|
|
Term
T/F:
Microvilli stick out from the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
| False; they push the membrane up and over the cell |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
| myosin myofilaments and keratin |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of membrane junctions and their purpose? |
|
Definition
| desmosomes (prevents cells from being pulled apart), gap junction (let inside cell A to talk to inside cell B), and tight junctions (sealant) |
|
|
Term
| What is one word to describe the function of desmosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one word to describe the function of gap junctions? |
|
Definition
| tunnel (found where fluids are separated) |
|
|
Term
| Define metabolism and provide two types |
|
Definition
| All chemical reactions in the body; Anabolism (build-up; need E) and Catabolism (break-down; Releases E) |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism is highly regulated by _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define membrane transport |
|
Definition
| moving things in and out of cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of membrane transport? |
|
Definition
| Diffusion (non-polar and small polar molecs), Carrier Proteins (larger polar molecs), Channels (water and ions), Vesicles (protein and macromolecules) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two categories of intercellular communication? |
|
Definition
| Direct (gap junctions) and indirect (chemical messengers) |
|
|
Term
| How does the nucleus of a cell control cellular activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does DNA control cellular activity? |
|
Definition
| DNA codes for cellular proteins |
|
|
Term
| If DNA is only in the nucleus, how can it control cellular activity outside the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of DNA with a specific order of linked nucleotides that "codes" for a specific protein |
|
|
Term
| What part of the DNA contains the Codon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What section of the DNA contains the triplet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA is synthesized from the sense strand of DNA (inside nucleus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polypeptides are synthesized using RNA codons as a template for assembly of the correct order of amino acids (outside nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of RNA? |
|
Definition
| mRNA (messenger); rRNA (ribosomal); tRNA (transfer) |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for "zipping" and "unzipping" DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F:
Exons code for proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F:
Introns code for proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protects the mRNA from being "eaten" once it enters the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
| reactions involved in energy storage and use |
|
|
Term
Identify:
the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of the products |
|
Definition
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the three classifications of substances involved in metabolic pathways? |
|
Definition
| reactants, intermediates, and end-products |
|
|
Term
| What is the splitting of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of a phosphate (condensation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of a P (hydrolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H ___ are commonly referred to as reducing equivalents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
|
Definition
| energy can't be created or destroyed |
|
|
Term
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
|
Definition
| natural processes tent to proceed in the direction that spreads out the energy |
|
|
Term
True/False:
equilibrium is achieved if [reactant] = [product] |
|
Definition
| False; the energy amount has to be the same |
|
|
Term
| An increase in ___ will push a reaction forward while an increase in ___ will move it back |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are reaction rates expressed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three factors that effect reaction rates? |
|
Definition
| [reactant] and [product]; temperature; and Activation energy barrier |
|
|
Term
| How do enzymes increase reaction rates? |
|
Definition
| by decreasing the activation energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological catalyst; substrate specific; do not change the nature of the reaction or the final product; enzymes themselves are not changed by the reaction |
|
|
Term
| What is the lock and key model? |
|
Definition
| substrate specificity model that says the shape of the substrate complements the active site of the enzyme; does not explain reverse reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the induced-fit model? |
|
Definition
| substrate specificity model that states that both substrate and product can bind to the active site allowing for a reversible reaction |
|
|
Term
| What 5 factors impact enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
| temperature; pH; cofactors and coenzymes; concentration of enzyme and substrate; affinity |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a reaction exceeds the optimum temperature? |
|
Definition
| the protein becomes denatured |
|
|
Term
| How does acidity effect enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
| by causing structural changes and altering the charge at the active site |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of co-factors? |
|
Definition
| to help lock the substrate into its active site; helps the enzyme hold its shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamin-derived cofactors; can carry chemical groups from one group to another; can be reused |
|
|
Term
| What are the three important metabolic coenzymes? |
|
Definition
| FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide); NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleiotide); and CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when all enzymes are full of substrate; gives a faster reaction rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of how tightly substrate molecules bind to the active site of an enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways of altering enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
| allosteric regulation, covalent regulation, and feedback inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What happens in allosteric regulation? |
|
Definition
| a modulator binds at the regulatory site and changes the shape of the active site (acts as an activator or inhibitor) |
|
|
Term
| What is covalent regulation? |
|
Definition
| change in the enzyme's activity occur through covalent bonding of a specific chemical group to a site on the enzyme |
|
|
Term
| How does feedback inhibition work? |
|
Definition
| an intermediate product in the metabolic pathway allosterically inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes an earlier reaction in the same pathway |
|
|
Term
| What is the first enzyme used in the krebs cycle |
|
Definition
| Citrate synthase (inhibited by ATP) |
|
|
Term
| What is the central reaction in energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two processes for ATP synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Substrate-level phos.("takes" from others) and oxidative phos (uses "surroundings") |
|
|
Term
| Substrate-level phos. is _____ while oxidative phos is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is energy released from ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP hydrolysis ____ ____ formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of glucose oxidation? |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis; Kreb's cycle; Oxidative phosphorilation |
|
|
Term
| What are the other two names for the Kreb's cycle? |
|
Definition
| Citrid acid cycle (CAC); Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC cycle) |
|
|
Term
| how many steps are there in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important molecules involved in Glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) and NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the slowest enzyme in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the Kreb's cycle take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorilation take place? |
|
Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes one full run of the Kreb's cycle? |
|
Definition
| Glucose--> 2Pyruvate--> 2 Acetyl CoA--> each acetyl CoA--> one full cycle |
|
|
Term
| How is ATP made in the Kreb's cycle? |
|
Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| The Kreb's cycle is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times does the Kreb's cycle occur per glucose molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two processes involved in oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| ETC and Chemiosmotic coupling |
|
|
Term
| What serve as the energy source for making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two substances that release electrons to the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the final electron receptor in the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the other important substance in the ETC and why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do electrons come from in the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in chemiosmotic coupling, how many hydrogens does it take to make 1 ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are made from GLycolysis the linking step and the Kreb's cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basal metabolic rate; the metabolism of cells at rest |
|
|
Term
| how many O2 are used for every glucose that undergoes oxidative phos.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the law of mass action? |
|
Definition
| an increase in reactant concentration relative to product concentration tends to push a reaction forward; the opposite will push it in reverse |
|
|
