Term
| Up to how far away from capillaries can the cells of the body be located? |
|
Definition
| Up to 10 micrometers (10 x 10-6) |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal function of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| To maintain homeostasis of the fluid surrounding cells (by exchanging respiratory gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, water and electrolytes between cells and environment) |
|
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Term
| What two things are required in order for the cardiovascular system to maintain the composition of interstitial fluid? |
|
Definition
1. adequate blood flow to the tissues
2. the composition of arterial blood must be regulated (by homeostatic mechanisms) |
|
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Term
| True or false" blood provides a means by which paracrine signals can reach target cells. |
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Definition
| False; it allows ENDOCRINE signals to reach target cells. Paracrine signals do not go through circulation (they act locally) |
|
|
Term
| How does the cardiovascular system aid in thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
| Transports heat generated by metabolic activity to its surface to be disappated |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the acute inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
| Changes in the vasculature facilitate the movement of proteins and cells from the blood into the site of injury or infection |
|
|
Term
| What induces vascular changes in the acute inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
| Chemical mediators released during inflammation. |
|
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Term
| What changes in heart function cause proteins and cells to move from the blood into injured tissue during inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| Vasodilation -> increased blood flow -> extra pressure pushes fluid out into cells (protein rich exudate; edema) -> plasma becomes concentrated -> losing fluid causes loss of protein, there is a stasis of blood (slowing down of blood because it is sticky) -> leukocytes have time to find complementary proteins, accumulate along vascular endothelium |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
1. transport and exchange
2. transport of hormones
3. thermoregulation
4. movement of proteins and cells into injured tissues in inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| What is the microvasculature? |
|
Definition
| Capillaries, tiny blood vessels that exchange substances with cells |
|
|
Term
| What enables the CV system to perform effectively under highly variable conditions such as temperature extremes, changes in posture, exercise, pregnancy, and childbirth? |
|
Definition
| Reflexes and other homeostatic adjustments |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the CV system? |
|
Definition
1. heart
2. blood vessels
3. blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A double-walled, fibrous sack that surrounds the heart and roots of its great vells |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer wall of the pericardium composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inner wall of the pericardium composed of? |
|
Definition
| A double-layered serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the fibrous wall and outer surface of the heart |
|
|
Term
What is the space between the serous layers filled with?
What secrete the filling?
What is the function of the filling? |
|
Definition
* a thin film (15-20 mLs) of pericardial fluid
* secreted by serous cells
* lubrication |
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the two serous layers of the inner pericardium called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two more sub-functions of the pericardium? |
|
Definition
*Limits excessive movement of the heart within the mediastinum
*Prevents the heart from over-distending if there is a sudden increase in venous return |
|
|
Term
| What are the main types of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
*Arteries and arterioles
*Veins and venules
*Capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main components of blood? |
|
Definition
*Formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)
*Plasma (fluid component) |
|
|
Term
| Can there be diseases in the pericardium itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can diseases in the pericardium be fatal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is accumulation of fluid within the pericardium called?
What can cause it? |
|
Definition
Pericardial effusion
Pericarditis or intrapericardial hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What condition involves a reduction in cardiac filling caused by the accumulation of pericardial fluid under high pressure, which compressses the chambers of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what situation could the pericardium accommodate larger volumes without a dramatic increase in intrapericardial pressure? |
|
Definition
| in the case that pericardial fluid gradually accumulates over weeks or months |
|
|
Term
| What is the thickest part of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the heart as a pump? |
|
Definition
| To receive venous blood under low pressure and eject blood under high pressure into the great arteries at the entrance of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What are the major functional compartments of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the atria? |
|
Definition
| the atria are thin-walled, low pressure reservoirs that collect returning venous blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the main differences between the left and right ventricles? |
|
Definition
left - high pressure pump (100-140 mmHg generated in aorta)
right - low pressure pump (20-30 mmHg generated in pulmonary artery) |
|
|
Term
| What generates the pressure gradient necessary to promote the flow of blood in circulation? |
|
Definition
| the contraction of the heart |
|
|
Term
| What two terms describe the cycle of cardiac contraction? |
|
Definition
Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation |
|
|
Term
| Is the function of the atria only passive? |
|
Definition
| no; in addition to passive filling of blood, the contraction of the atria or "atrial kick" pushes blood from the atria into the ventricles; they do not have to contract much, as 80% of the flow between atria and ventricles is passive |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the unidirectional flow of blood in the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the two sides of the heart in series or in parallel with each other as pumps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the papillary muscles? |
|
Definition
| muscles located within the ventricles that contract to prevent mitral valve prolapse |
|
|
Term
| What are the left and right atrial appendages? |
|
Definition
| muscular pouches within the atria |
|
|
Term
| What does the left side of the heart pump to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the right side of the heart pump to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the right atrium receive? Where does it receive it from? |
|
Definition
deoxygenated venous blood
from venous circulation (inferior and superior vena cava) |
|
|
Term
| What does the right ventricle pump blood into? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary circulation (pulmonary artery) |
|
|
Term
| What does the left atrium take in? |
|
Definition
| oxygenated blood from the lungs from the pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| What does the left ventricle pump blood into? |
|
Definition
| the aorta, which distributes it to the organs via the arterial system |
|
|
Term
True or false: the amount of blood ejected by the right ventricle must closely match the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle?
Why or why not? |
|
Definition
True
Because the left and right heart are in series |
|
|
Term
| Where is the mitral valve? |
|
Definition
| Between the left atrium and left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Where is the tricuspid valve? |
|
Definition
| Between the right atrium and right ventricle |
|
|
Term
What are the mitral and tricuspid valves together known as?
What is their function? |
|
Definition
the atrioventricular valves.
to prevent blood backflow from the ventricles to the atria |
|
|
Term
| What are the chordate tendinae? |
|
Definition
| Strong ligaments that attach the free surface of AV valves to papillary muscles in the ventricular wall |
|
|
Term
When are AV valves open?
When do they close? |
|
Definition
When blood flows into the ventricles
When the ventricles contract |
|
|
Term
What are the names of the semilunar valves?
Where are they found? |
|
Definition
aortic valve - separates left ventricle from aorta
pulmonary valve - separates right ventricle from pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| Why do the semilunar valves close abruptly? |
|
Definition
| high pressures in the aorta and pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
Does blood flow with greater velocity through the AV valves or semilunar valves?
Why? |
|
Definition
| Semilunar valves due to smaller openings |
|
|
Term
| What causes heart murmurs? |
|
Definition
| the turbulent flow of blood across a defective heart valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of a valve, which causes blood to flow faster |
|
|
Term
| What is regurgitation/insufficiency? |
|
Definition
| the backward flow of blood through a valve which fails to close properly |
|
|
Term
Is heart rhythm intrinsic or extrinsic?
What determines heart rhythm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the action potentials generated by pacemakers transmitted throughout the myocardium in an organized fashion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?
Which chambers polarize and contract first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the AV node in the conduction system?
Why is this important? |
|
Definition
to serve as a pathway for the wave of depolarization from the SA Node; slows conduction velocity
It gives time for the atria to depolarize and contract before the ventricles are depolarized |
|
|
Term
| What can modulate the intrinsic rhythm of the heart rate? |
|
Definition
| The actions of autonomic nerves and hormones on the activity of pacemaker cells; drugs |
|
|
Term
| What is the cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
| the mechanical and electrical events associated with one complete sequence of contraxtion and relaxation |
|
|
Term
What is cardiac output?
What is it used as a measure of? |
|
Definition
the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
cardiac function |
|
|
Term
| How can cardiac output be calculated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stroke volume? |
|
Definition
| The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per heartbeat |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal resting CO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can modulate stroke volume? |
|
Definition
Intrinsic mechanisms such as stretch
The actions of autonomic nerves, hormones, and drugs |
|
|
Term
What does compliance mean for blood vessels?
Do arteries have high or low compliance? |
|
Definition
The ease with which a vessel expands when it is filled
Low |
|
|
Term
| What is the highest blood pressure recorded during the cardiac cycle called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lowest pressure point in the cardiac cycle called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pulse pressure? |
|
Definition
| the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Does the heart spend more time in systole or diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can one calculate the mean arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
| MAP = Pdiastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| How is blood pressure maintained during diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the greatest degree of blood pressure drop occur in systemic circulation? |
|
Definition
| While blood is in the arterioles |
|
|
Term
| How is blood flow to particular organs regulated? |
|
Definition
| Contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscle in the walls of small arteries and arterioles |
|
|
Term
What are resistance vessels?
What are they able to change? |
|
Definition
Vessels that are able to change the size of their lumens, such as small arteries and arterioles
Vacular resistance |
|
|
Term
| Which blood vessels provide the most resistance to blood flow and are therefore the principal site for regulation of resistance to blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be regulated by the arterioles? |
|
Definition
1. Blood flow into specific capillary beds
2. Mean arterial pressure |
|
|
Term
| What organ receives both arterial and venous blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major site of exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average transit time through a capillary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cessels can bypass capillaries and flow directly from arterioles to venules in some tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do veins compare to corresponding vessels on the arterial side? |
|
Definition
| they are larger in diameter and have thinner walls |
|
|
Term
| Where is approximately 65% of blood found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are capacitance vessels?
Why are they so-called? |
|
Definition
Veins
Because they can hold large volumes of blood |
|
|
Term
| What promotes venous return to the heart? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of veins |
|
|
Term
| In what type of vasculature arrangement does blood pass through two capillary beds before returning to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vasculature arrangement allows for the distribution of cardiac output based on the needs of individual tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is more blood held in systemic circulation or pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vessels have the greatest cross-sectional area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which branch of physiology studies the principles governing the movement of blood in the CV system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which equation shows the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance in the CV syste,? |
|
Definition
Q = change in P / R
(Q is flow) |
|
|
Term
| Between what two points is pressure difference measured in systemic circulation? |
|
Definition
| The difference between MAP in the aorta and blood pressure at the entrance of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between cross-sectional area and velocity of flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the suspended cellular elements of blood?
What is the function of each?
Which is present in greatest quantity? |
|
Definition
RBC -> O2/CO2 transport
WBC -> defense
platelets - hemostasis
RBC |
|
|
Term
| If whole blood is centrifuged, what is present in the "buffy coat" between the plasma and hematocrit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is plasma?
What does it contain? |
|
Definition
The protein-rich fluid component of blood
Albumin, fibrinogen and other clotting proteins, binding proteins, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid component of blood after whole blood clots and the clot is removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of vessels have no smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of vessel has no fibrous tissue? |
|
Definition
|
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