Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Physiology Test 2
Physiology Test 2 Study Guide
119
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
10/22/2011

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How many adults get regular leisure time physical activity?
Definition
50%
Term
Alpha Cells
Definition
Located in Pancreas
Secrete Glucagon
Term
Beta cells
Definition
Located in Pancreas
Secrete Insulin
Term
Insulin is secreted by...
Definition
Beta Cells
Term
Glucagon is secreted by...
Definition
Alpha Cells
Term
Fed State
Definition
Insulin dominates over Glucagon
Term
Fasted State
Definition
Glucagon dominates over Insulin
Term
Hepatocyte
Definition
Liver Cell
Term
GLUT 2 Receptors are located in...
Definition
Hepatocytes
Term
GLUT 4 Receptors are located in...
Definition
All Cells
Term
Without insulin...
Definition
Plasma Glucose cannot enter cells
Term
What happens when plasma glucose is increased?
Definition
Glucose is absorbed through Beta Cells in Small Intestine

Calcium Absorption signals insulin exocytosis
Term
What happens when plasma Amino Acid concentration increases?
Definition
Insulin secretion is triggered
Term
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide is secreted by...
Definition
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Term
Parasympathetic signals (insulin, glucagon) release?
Definition
Insulin
Term
Sympathetic signals (insulin, glucagon) release?
Definition
Glucagon
Term
Plasma glucose increase blocks (Alpha, Beta) cells and stimulates (Alpha, Beta) cells?
Definition
Blocks Alpha, Stimulates Beta
Term
Anabolism activates...
Definition
Glycolysis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis, glucose uptake, food protein use
Term
Major neurohormone groups include...
Definition
Catecholamines, Anterior Pituitary Hormones, Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Term
Adrenal medulla secretes...
Definition
Catecholamines
Term
Hypothalamus activates...
Definition
Anterior and Posterior Pituitary
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
Connects pituitary gland to brain
Term
Posterior pituitary gland secretes...
Definition
Vasopressin and Oxytocin
Term
Steps of posterior pituitary hormone release...
Definition
1) Hormone synthesized and packaged in Hypothalamus
2) Hormone transported through Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
3) Hormones stored in posterior pituitary gland
4) Hormones released into blood
Term
Levels of Endocrine Control
Definition
Hypothalamic stimulation from CNS

Pituitary Stimulation from Hypothalamic Trophic Hormone

Endocrine stimulation from Pituitary Trophic Hormone
Term
Endocrine glands controlled by...
Definition
Pituitary Trophic Hormones
Term
Pituitary glands controlled by...
Definition
Hypothalamic Trophic Hormones
Term
Hypothalamus controlled by...
Definition
Central Nervous System
Term
Types of Negative Feedback include...
Definition
Short Loop
Long Loop
Term
Requirements for hormone classification include...
Definition
Secretion Site
Secretion Stimulus
Metabolic or Physiological Response
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
Secreted by Adrenal Glands
Acts in hepatocytes, lipocytes, muscle cells
Stimulated by Stress or Exercise
Stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis
Term
Catecholamines include...
Definition
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Term
Cortisol is secreted by...
Definition
Adrenal Glands
Term
Cortisol is stimulated by...
Definition
Stress and Circadian Rhythms
Term
Cortisol promotes...
Definition
Gluconeogenesis, Protein Degradation, and Lipolysis
Term
Peptide Hormone have (short, long) half lives?
Definition
Short
Term
Peptide hormones (do, do not) need a carrier proteins?
Definition
Do not
Term
Peptide hormones are (hydrophobic, hydrophillic) and (lipophobic, lipophyllic)?
Definition
Hydrophyllic and Lipophobic
Term
Peptide hormones (do, do not) require an extracellular receptor?
Definition
Do
Term
Peptide hormones (can, can not) pass through a cell membrane?
Definition
Can not
Term
Zona reticularis secretes...
Definition
Sex Hormones
Term
Zona fasciculata secretes...
Definition
Glucocorticoids
Term
Zona glomerulosa secretes...
Definition
Aldosterone
Term
Steps in the cortisol secretion pathway include...
Definition
1) Hypothalamus secretes CRH into Anterior Pituitary
2) Anterior Pituitary secretes ACTH to Adrenal Cortex
3)Adrenal Cortex secretes Cortisol
4)Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH secretion
Term
Cortisol (inhibits, stimulates) the immune system?
Definition
Inhibits
Term
Hypercortisolism is caused by...
Definition
Adrenal and/or Pituitary Tumors
Term
The CRH family is linked to...
Definition
Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Disorders
Term
CRH (increases, decreases) food intake?
Definition
Decreases
Term
Thyroid gland is located...
Definition
Inferior to Larynx
Term
Thyroid hormones are made from...
Definition
Iodine and Tyrosine
Term
Anabolism inhibits...
Definition
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, beta oxidation, protein degradation
Term
Thyroid hormones (do, do not) require a carrier protein?
Definition
Do
Term
Thyroid hormone regulates...
Definition
Metabolic Rate and Heat Production
Term
Thyroid hormone is required for...
Definition
Protein Synthesis and Normal Growth/Development
Term
Hyperthyroidism is caused by too (much, little) of the hormone (T3, T4)?
Definition
Too much T3
Term
Too much T3 hormone causes...
Definition
High resting metabolic rates, Heat intolerance, and Increased heart rates
Term
Too little T3 hormone causes...
Definition
Low resting metabolic rate and oxygen production, cold intolerance, decreases in protein synthesis, low heart rate
Term
Goiters can occur in (hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism)?
Definition
Both
Term
Hypothyroidism is caused by too (much, little) of the hormone (T3, T4)?
Definition
Too little T3 hormone
Term
Growth hormone is secreted by...
Definition
The Anterior Pituitary
Term
Growth hormone is stimulated by...
Definition
Sleep, Exercise, and/or Stress
Term
The Metabolic/Physiological response to Growth Hormone includes...
Definition
Growth/Development regulation and Protein Synthesis stimulation
Term
Growth hormone deficiency causes...
Definition
Dwarfism
Term
Growth hormone oversecretion causes...
Definition
Giantism in children
Acromegaly in adults
Term
Endocrine reflex pathway includes...
Definition
1) Stimulus
2) Afferent Signal
3) Integration
4) Efferent Signal (Hormone)
5) Metabolic/Physiological Response
6) Negative Feedback
Term
In a simple reflex pathway, the response is (negative feedback, hormone synthesis)?
Definition
Negative Feedback
Term
Hormones follow (one, multiple) reflex pathways?
Definition
Multiple
Term
Parathyroid hormone is secreted at the...
Definition
Parathyroid gland
Term
Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by...
Definition
Low plasma calcium levels
Term
Parathyroid hormone follows a (complex, simple) reflex pathway?
Definition
Simple
Term
When enough receptors bind to calcium, parathyroid hormone is (inhibited, stimulated)?
Definition
Inhibited
Term
Calcium affects the excitability of...
Definition
Neurons
Term
Glucagon increases...
Definition
Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Ketogenesis
Term
Insulin (decreases, increases) glycogen synthesis, fat synthesis, and protein synthesis?
Definition
Increases
Term
Insulin (is, is not) a peptide hormone?
Definition
Is
Term
Glucose is the primary fuel for (brain, muscle, other tissue)?
Definition
All of the above
Term
Glycolysis is the process of glucose (utilization, synthesis)?
Definition
Utilization
Term
Glycogenesis is the synthesis of (glucose, glycogen) from (glucose, glycogen)?
Definition
Glycogen from Glucose
Term
Glycogenolysis is the production of (glycogen, glucose) from (glycogen, glucose)?
Definition
Glucose from Glycogen
Term
Gluconeogeneis is the synthesis of ______ from ______?
Definition
Glucose from Amino Acids
Term
Lipogenesis is the synthesis of (carbohydrates, amino acids, fats) from (carbohydrates, amino acids, fats)?
Definition
Fats from Carbohydrates AND Amino Acids
Term
Lipolysis if the conversion of (fatty acids, fat) to (fatty acids, fat)?
Definition
Fat to Fatty Acids
Term
Type 1 Diabetes is caused by insulin (deficiency, resistance)?
Definition
Deficiency
Term
Type 2 Diabetes is caused by insulin (deficiency, resistance)?
Definition
Term
Impaired fasting glucose is classified as...
Definition
Fasting Plasma Glucose of 100 mg/dl - 125 mg/dl
Term
Impaired glucose tolerance is classified as...
Definition
2-hour Post-Meal Plasma Glucose of 140 mg/dl - 200 mg/dl
Term
Normal adult body fat range is...
Definition
Male: 15% - 20%
Female: 25% - 30%
Term
Hormones are secreted by (neurons, glands, other cells)?
Definition
Glands AND Other Cells
Term
Neurons secrete (hormones, neurohormones, both)?
Definition
Neurohormones
Term
Cytokines are secreted by...
Definition
Immune cells
Term
Hormones are transported via...
Definition
Blood
Term
Hormones generate effects at very (high, low) concentrations?
Definition
Low (nano to pico molar)
Term
Hormone activity is terminated by...
Definition
1) Blood enzymes while bound to extracellular receptor
2) Digested by lysosomes
3) Intracellular enzymes
Term
Classifications of hormones include...
Definition
Peptide or Protein Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Amine Hormones
Term
Peptide hormones consist of...
Definition
Linked Amino Acids
Term
Peptide hormones are stored in...
Definition
Membranous compartments
Term
Protein hormones have (short, long) half lives?
Definition
Short
Term
Protein hormones are (hydrophobic, hydrophillic)?
Definition
Hydrophyillic
Term
Lipophobic hormones (can, can not) pass through the cellular membrane?
Definition
Can not
Term
Lipophyllic hormones (can, can not) pass though the cell membrane?
Definition
Can
Term
Lipophobic hormones (can, can not) travel through the blood without a carrier protein?
Definition
Can
Term
Lipophyllic hormones (can, can not) travel through the blood without a carrier protein?
Definition
Can not
Term
Peptide hormones (do, do not) require a cell membrane receptor?
Definition
Do
Term
Lipophyllic hormones (can, can not) travel through the blood without a carrier protein?
Definition
Can not
Term
Hydrophyllic hormones (do, do not) require a cell membrane receptor?
Definition
Do
Term
Steroid hormones are (lipophyllic, lipophobic) and (hydrophyllic, hydrophobic)?
Definition
Lipophyllic and Hydrophobic
Term
Steroid hormones (do, do not) require carrier proteins?
Definition
Do
Term
Steroid hormones are derived from...
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Amine hormones are derived from...
Definition
Tyrosine or Typtophan
Term
Categories of membrane receptors include...
Definition
Channel
Enzyme
G Protein-coupled
Integrin
Term
How do channel receptors work?
Definition
Ligand binding opens channel
Term
How do enzyme receptors work?
Definition
Ligand binding activates intracellular enzyme
Term
How do G Protein-coupled receptors work?
Definition
Ligand binding activates ion channel OR alters enzyme activity
Term
How do integrin receptors work?
Definition
Ligand binding alters cytoskeleton
Term
Describe "amplification"
Definition
As one enzyme activates multiple enzymes, activity is increased gometrically
Term
GLUT 2 Receptors function to...
Definition
Takes up Glucose in Fed State
Term
GLUT 4 receptors are signaled by...
Definition
Insulin
Term
What prevents a glucose surge after meals?
Definition
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
Term
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide stimulates ______ release
Definition
Insulin
Supporting users have an ad free experience!