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Physiology Reproductive
KYCOM Block 8
100
Physiology
Graduate
05/12/2013

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Cards

Term
what is the main function of the male gonads
Definition
support development of germ cell
make testosterone
secrete sperm
Term
what is the main function of the female gonads
Definition
development of mature ova
make estrogen and progesterone
Term
what is gender determined by
Definition
chromosomes, gonadal sex, phenotypic or genital sex
Term
what is genetic sex, when can it be seen in development
Definition
XX vs XY
gonads are indifferent/bipotential until week 5. testes develop at week 6-8 and ovaries at week 9
Term
what are the cells of the male gonad, briefly describe what they do
Definition
germ cell: spermatogonia production
sertoli cell: make glycoprotein (antimullerian) hormone
leydig cell: make testosterone
Term
what are the female gonad cells, briefly describe what they do
Definition
germ cells: make oogonia
granulosa cells: surround oogonia (with stroma) to make oocyte
theca cell: make progesterone and (with granulosa cell help)estradiol
Term
when does the prostate, scrotum, and penis appear, what does it depend on
Definition
differentiate in week 9 and 10 needs conversion of testosterone to dihydroxytestosterone and androgen receptors
Term
what does the wolffian duct develop into, what conditions does it need
Definition
testosterone stimulates development into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct
Term
what does antimullerian hormone do, how is it made
Definition
cause atrophy of the mullerian ducts and stop phenotypic female

made in sertoli cells and released via testosterone
Term
what do mullerian ducts do
Definition
develop into fallopian tuves, uterus, and upper 1/3 of the vagina

female phenotype
Term
what parts of the female phenotype need no hormones to develop, whats the catch
Definition
clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, lower 2/3 of the vagina

to be normal size they need estrogen
Term
why might a female have a male phenotype, how is this normally presented
Definition
excessive production of androgens by the adrenal cortex in development may cause an enlarged clitoris
Term
what controls puberty
Definition
hypothalamic pituitary axis
Term
what are the puberty related hormone levels before puberty, when were these hormones first secreted ever
Definition
GnRH secretion begins at week 4 but remains low

FSH and LH secretion begin at week 10 and 12 but remain low with FSH>LH
Term
what begins the process of puberty: 4 reasons changes occur
Definition
pulsation of anterior pituitary hormones at a genetically programmed time

pulsatile secretion of GnRH with LH and FSH level increases and LH>FSH

increased sensitivity of the GnRH receptor in anterior pituitary

FSH and LH stimulate secretion of gonadal hormones
Term
what reasons may alter the onset of puberty
Definition
genetics
nutrition
stress
melatonin (GnRH inhibition) removal of the pineal gland may lead to early puberty
Term
give a general reason for delayed puberty, how is it treated
Definition
GnRH deficiency
treat with GnRH in pulses, long acting GnRH will not initiate
Term
explain the process of male puberity: what cells are stimulated how, what changes in the body
Definition
FSH and LH stimulate leydig production of testosterone
testis grow (increased seminiferous tubules), growth of secondary sex organs, linear growth spurt, pubic and axillary hair, lowering of voice, initiation of spermatogenesis
Term
what changes occur in girls during puberty
Definition
budding of breasts, 2 years later menarche, pubic and axillary hair, increased secretion of androgens (andrenarche), closeing of epiphysis (earlier than boys)
Term
how does puberty affect growth
Definition
near the end, androgens promote mineralization of epiphyseal plates of long bones and increase the rate of long bone growth in women.

depends on secretion of adrenal androgens at the time (andrenarche)
Term
what is the temp the testis need to be at, why, how do they keep it there
Definition
35-36 deg C, 1-2 deg below body temp
specific for spermatogenesis

countercurrent arangement of vessels facilitates heat exchange
Term
seminiferous tubules: function, composition, cells
Definition
make sperm
made of lobules around CT
have spermatogonia (stem cells), spermatocytes (young sperm), and sertoli cells
Term
sertoli cell functions
Definition
provide nutrients to growing sperm
blood testis barrier via tight junctions
make fluit to transport sperm to epididymis
Term
ledig cell functions
Definition
make testosterone
paracrine efects support spermatogenesis
endocrine effects modulate skeletal, prostate, etc
Term
spermatogeneis: timeine begining and end
Definition
begins at puberty and ends at senescence along seminiferous tubules
Term
spermatogenic wave
Definition
64 day cycle to ensure sperm are made continously, begins daily
Term
explain the process of spermatogenesis
Definition
1. mitotic divisions: spermatogonia divide into spermatocytes
2. meiotic divisions: spermatocytes decrease chromosome number to make haploid spermatids
3. spermatogenesis: spermatids transform into mature sperm through loss of cytoplasm and development of flagilla
Term
explain the pathway of a life of a sperm
Definition
testes > ducts > epididymis > maturation and storage ampulla of vas deferens > ejaculation > vas deferens > urethra
Term
ampula of vas deferens: functions
Definition
additional storage, secretes fluid with citrate and fructose to nourish sperm
Term
what do seminal vesicles secrete
Definition
fructose, prostaglandins, fibrogen
Term
what is the function of prostgalndins for sperm
Definition
make cervical mucous more penetrable to sperm, cause peristaltic contractions in female reproductive tract to propel sperm up
Term
what does the prostate secrete, why
Definition
citrate, Ca, and enzymes

slightly alkaline increases sperm motility and helps fertilization by neutralizing acidic secretion from vas deferens and vagina
Term
wha is capacitation
Definition
sperm swim faster in basic solution and are short lived (ovem likes acid)

waiting in female reproductive tract for 4-6 hours while inhibitor factors are washed away, cholesterol is removed, and proteins are redistributed

at the end Ca influx causes flagemma motion
Term
acrosomal reaction
Definition
sperm membrane fuses with ovum and makes pores with hydrolytic and diproteolytic enzymes to leave acrosome to prnetrate ovum
Term
testosterone: where is it made, how does it travel, what stimulates production, what inhibits production
Definition
made in leydig cells, stimulated by estrogen and inhibited by androgens

travels bound to sex steroid binging golbulin and albumin, inactive when bound, like reservoir
Term
how is production of testosterone in the testis different than the adrenal cortex
Definition
testes make testosterone rather than dihydroxytestosterone which needs to be converted to testosterone via 5a-reductase
Term
what is the function of 17 B hydroxysteroid DH
Definition
converts androstenediole to testosterone
Term
adrenal cortex and testes whip it out: give the hormone line up and a brief description
Definition
cortex: 21B-hydroxylase and 11B-hydroxylase make mineral corticoids, 5a reductase makes testosterone

testis: 12Bhydroxysteroid DH which converts androstenediole to testosterone
Term
explain the pathway of GnRH secretion
Definition
hypothalamus arcuate nuclei > hypothalamic hypophyseal portal blood > anterior pituitary
Term
how does FSH regulate testis
Definition
stimulate spermatogenetic and endocrine functions

stumulate spermatogenesis and sertoli cell functions
Term
how does LH regulate the testis
Definition
stimulate spermatogenic and endocrine functions

stimulate leydig cells testosterone production via cholesterol desmolase

testosterone diffuses to sertoli cells and reinforces FSH action
Term
explain the negative feedback on testes function
Definition
testosterone feeds back on hypothalamus and anterior lobe to inhibit GnRH and LH secretion

testosterone decreases frequency and amplidute and GnRH pulses

sertoli cells secrete inhibin which stops FSH
Term
what changes does testosterone cause in development and puberty
Definition
differentation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

in puberty increased muscle mass, growth spurt, closing of epiphyseal plates, growth of penis and seminal vesicles, deepening of voice, spermatogenesis, libido
Term
what does dihydroxytestosterone do in development and puberty
Definition
development: external male genitalia

hair distribution, baldness, sebacous gland activity, growth of prostate
Term
what treats a bening prostatic hypertrophy and hair loss, how does it work
Definition
finasteride: blocks conversion of testosterone to DHtestosterone and production of active androgens

binds to androgen receptor protein in cell, complex moves to nucleus to initiate transcription of proteins
Term
what are reasons for erectile dysfunction with reduced libido
Definition
hypogonadism, depression
Term
what are reasons for erectile dysfunction with libido
Definition
psychological, vascular insufficiency (etheroma), neuropathic (DM, MS, alcohol), drugs (B-blocker, thiazides, diuretics), chronic kidney disease
Term
what cause of erectile dysfunction is uncommon
Definition
endocrine except DM
Term
how does testosterone secretion change with age
Definition
testosterone and LH begin to spike at 10 and decline between 20-60
Term
andropause
Definition
male menopause

steady reduction of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone, decrease in leydig cells
Term
how are the ovaries attached
Definition
to uterus with ligaments, vessels, lymph, and nerves
Term
what are the zones of the uterus: location, stuff in it
Definition
cortex: outer, largest, germinal epithelium, occytes within follicles that make hormones

medulla: middle zone, cell mixture

hilum: inner, where blood and lymph pass through
Term
what is a follicle, functionl, composition
Definition
functional unit, germ cell surrounded by endocrine cells to provide nutrients to developing oocyte and release it during ovulation

prepars vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes for fertilization and implantation, maintains hormone durine fertilization until placenta kicks in
Term
when do ovaries develop, what is the process
Definition
weeks 20-24 primordial germ cells > mitosis > oogonia

weeks 8-9 oogonia enter prophase > primary oocytes

month 6 all are oocytes

atrition of oocytes during all this
Term
what are the 4 steps of ovulation
Definition
primary oocyte in prophasse
graffian follicle production
ovulation
corpus luteum
Term
primary oocyte is prophase, explain the begining of ovulation
Definition
granulosa proliferates and gives nutrients and hormones

primordial follicle develops into primary follicle with theca interna

granulosa secretes fluid
Term
how is a graffian follicle produced during ovulation, how long does it take
Definition
70-85 days

steroid hormones (from granulosa cells), mucopolysaccharides, proteins, and FSH accumulate in follicle antrum

granulosa and theca grow

end is marked by menses
Term
explain ovulation itself, how long is it, where does it line up
Definition
5-7 days long just after menses

one follicle dominates and oocyte is released and enters the fallopian tube, second meiotic division begins but isnt completed without fertilization
Term
how is the corpus luteum developed, what does it do
Definition
residual from burse follicle forms it (granulosa, theca, capillaries, fibroblasts)

makes hormones to support implantation and zygote until placenta takes over

dies in 14 days without fertilization making corpus albicans
Term
what is corpus albicans
Definition
scar due to death of corpus luteum
Term
explain ow estrogen is made
Definition
1. LH stimulates cholesterol desmolase in theca cells
2. theca cells make andeostenedione
3. andeostendione travels to granulosa cells
4. andeostendione is converted via 17B-hydroxysteroid DH into testerone
5. FSH stimulates granulosa cells
6. testosterone is converted via aromatase to 17B-estradiol
Term
explain how progesterone is made
Definition
by theca cells!
Term
what regulates activities in the ovaries
Definition
GnRH, FSH, LH, feedback loops (follicular phase negative feedback, mid cycle positive feedback, luteal phase negative feedback)
Term
how does GnRH regulate ovaries
Definition
pulsatile secretion to anterior pituitary stimulates FSH and LH
Term
how does FSH regulate ovaries
Definition
causes granulosa cells to grow making primary follicle, stimulates estrogen synthesis, estrogen and FSH together stimulate follicular cells
Term
how does LH regulate ovaries
Definition
initiates ovulation
lutinization: stimulates formation of corpus luteum
maintains steroid hormone production by corpus luteum in luteal phase
Term
explain follicular phase negative feedback
Definition
FSH and LH stimulate estrogen synthesis from follicular cells and estrogen stops FSH and LH secretion from anterior pituitary
Term
explain mid cycle positive feedback
Definition
estrogen rises due to follicle proliferation
when it reaches >200 it has positive feedback on anterior pituitary to release more FSH and LH to trigger ovulation of mature oocyte
Term
explain luteal ohase negative feedback
Definition
ovaries are secreting progesterone
progesterone stops FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
Term
what is progesterone dependent on to function, why is progesterone kinda a bitch
Definition
estrogen upregulating its receptors, progesterone downregulates estrogen receptors in some tissues
Term
what does estrogen do in puberty
Definition
development of uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, growth spurt, deposition of subcutaneous fat

stimulates uterus contraction, cilia in fallopian tuves, proliferation of vagina epithelium
Term
what does progesterone (with the help of estrogen) do
Definition
increases secretion and decreases contraction of uterus and fallopian tuves
inhibits proliferation of vaginal epithelium
mild thermogenic in basal body in luteal phase
Term
explain breast development
Definition
estrogen surge in puberty
lobular ducts grow in adipose tissue around the nipple and areola enlarges
adipose tissue increases
progesterone stimulates mamillary duct development
Term
what is the basis for the rhythm method of contraception
Definition
progesterone being a mild thermogenic in basal body in luteal phase
Term
what are the phases of the menstural cycle
Definition
follicular / proliferative
ovulation
luteal / secretory
menses
Term
follicular / proliferation phase of menstural cycle: day numbers, what is happening
Definition
day 0-14

primordial follicle develops into graafian follicle, neighboring follicles regress

FSH and LH receptors upregulated on theca and granulosa stimulating estrogen

estrogen causes endometrial lining proliferation and inhibits FSH and LH

cervical mucous thinning and channel opening

prepares endometrium for implantation: growth of glands, stroma, and spiral arteries
Term
ovulation: days its on, changes
Definition
day 14-28. ends with menses

estrogen positive feedback on FSH and LH
cervical mucus thickens
estrogen decreases
Term
luteal / secretory phase: days, changes
Definition
corpus luteum develops and makes estrogen and progesterone

progesterone causes endometrium secretion and vascularity increase, prepares to recieve fertilized ovum, increases hypothalamic set point temp, mucous becomes less abundant

estrogen causes endometrium proliferation

if no fertilization corpus luteum digresses and blood progresterone and estrogen drop

uterine glands become tortuous, accumulation of glycogen in vacolues, increase in mucous, thicking of cervical mucous
Term
menses: days its on, what is happening
Definition
4-5 days long corresponds to day 0, 4, or 5 of menstural cycle

loss of estrogen and progesterone cause endometrial lining to slough off

primordial follicles are being recruited for development
Term
how long is gestation, how is it divided up
Definition
40 weeks from onset of last menstural period, 38 weeks from last ovulation, divided into 13 week trimesters
Term
fertilization: timing, what happens
Definition
within 24 hours of ovulation in ampulla, sperm penetrates ovum and second polar body is made, after 4 days it has divided enough to make a blastocyst
Term
implantation: timing, what happens, hormones needed, cell divisions, what happens to the uterus
Definition
day 5
blastocyst implants into endometrium
needs low estrogen to progesterone ratio
high progesterone output from corpus luteum
blastocyst implant into endometrium do differentate into decidual like cells
Term
how does the corpus luteum stay in pregnacy
Definition
trophoblast secretes HCG 8 days after ovulation which is similar to LH and tells the corpus luteum to stay
Term
what is the basis of a pregnacy test, timing
Definition
HCG is detected in urine 9 days after ovulation, made 8 days after fertilization, but declines at 9 weeks
Term
what is the function of HCG in the first and second trimester
Definition
first: rescue corpus luteum
second: no one knows
Term
how is progesterone made in the placenta and when
Definition
second trimester
cholesterol from maternal circulation goes to placenta and is converted to pregnenolone then progesterone
Term
how is estrogen made in the placenta and when
Definition
second trimester
pregnenolone enters fetal circulation and is converted to dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate in adrenal cortex and is converted to 16-OH DHEA sulfate in the liver, it corsses placenta where sulfatase removes sulfate, aromatase converts it to estriol
Term
what are the possible causes of parturition
Definition
distension, fetal hypothalamal pituitary adrenal axis (cortisol), prostaglandins, oxytocin
Term
explain how distension begins parturition
Definition
once fetus reaches critical size uterus increases uncoordinated contraction (Braxton hicks) 1 month before delivery
Term
explain how fetal hypothalamal pituitary adrenal axis (cortisol) causes parturition
Definition
activation causes cortisol production which increases estrogen to progesterone ratio causing uterine sensitivity to contractile stimuli
Term
explain how prostaglandins cause parturition
Definition
estrogen stimulates release of local prostaglandins PGE2 and PGE2a which increase intracellular Ca in smooth muscle
Term
explain oxytocin role in parturition
Definition
receptors are up regulated at end of gestation, dilation of cervic stimulates oxytocin secretion
levels do not increas near term, physiologic role is uncertian
Term
what are the stages of parturition, what happens in them
Definition
1. uterine contraction from fundus move head of fetus to cervix

2. fetus is forced through cervix and delivered through vagina

3. placenta separates from uterine decidual tissue via powerful contractions. constriction of uterine vessels prevents post-partum bleeding. hormone concentration returns to pregnant levels except prolactin
Term
how are the breasts prepared for lactation
Definition
estrogen and progesterone stimulate growth and development of breast throughout pregnacy

estrogen stimulates prolcatin secretion from anterior pituitary

lcatation does not occur in pregnacy because estrogen and progesterone block prolactin
Term
explain how lactation begins after birth
Definition
progesterone and estrogen fall and lactation begins, maintained by sucking which stimulates oxytocin and prolactin

lactation supresses ovulation because it inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH
Term
anovulatory cycles
Definition
menstural cycles without ovulation
common for some years before m enopause as follicles get lower
Term
what does decreased estrogen like in menopause cause
Definition
decreased negative feedback allowing pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH
los of ovarian estrogen
thinning of vaginal epithelium
decreased vaginal secretion
decreased breast mass
accelerated bone loss
vascular instability
emotional issues
Term
how does obesity effect menopause
Definition
less symptomatic because estrogen can be made from androgenic precursors in adipose tissue
Term
oral contraception: composition, method
Definition
combo of estrogen and progesterone or only progesterone

work via negative feedback inhibiting FSH and LH to prevent ovulation

changes in cervical mucus to hostile
decrease motility of fallopian tubes
inhibit follicular development and thus ovulation
Term
how does post-coital contraception work
Definition
high dose of estrogen and progesterone interfere with implantation

mifepristone (RU 468) blocks progesterone receptors preventing implantation of the trophoblast
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