Term
| Intensity of Sour determined by |
|
Definition
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Term
| Salty intensity varies by? |
|
Definition
Salt to salt.
Na number one.
Cations > anions |
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Term
| How is bitter taste determined? |
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Definition
| Alkaloids because they contain N and are very toxic. |
|
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Term
| Examples of Bitter Chemicals |
|
Definition
QUININE,
STRYCHININE
caffeine
nicotine. |
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Term
| Primary Sensations of Taste |
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Definition
| Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami. |
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Term
| Taste Bud Anatomy: General Strucutres |
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Definition
-STRATEIFIED Squamous Epithelium
-Has taste pore...
-with microvilli, with
-nerve fibers...containing
-vesicles to send N.Transmitters when excited. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RECEPTOR SURFACES for taste buds |
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Term
|
Definition
| No specific spot, all spread around/out |
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Term
| Specificity of Taste Buds at low concentration? High? |
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Definition
-only 1 primary stimuli excited.
-2 or more primary stimulus excited |
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Term
| Receptor Potential and Pathway? |
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Definition
-Negatively charged inside
-Taste -> ion channels open -> depolarization -> saliva washes away chemical = termination of stimulus |
|
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Term
| Types of Receptor Potentials from the Primary Stimuli. IOW, what chemical comes in when a specific Primary Stimuli is...stimulated. |
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Definition
-Salty: Na comes in.
-Sour: H+
-Sweet/Bitter we are not sure what, but probably a SECOND MESSENGER |
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Term
| During Generation of Nerve Impulses. What happens first? Second? |
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Definition
-Strong Signal.
-Taste buds are exposed = now weak CONTINUOUS signal |
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Term
| Taste Preference based on? |
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Definition
Changes with body's need for specific substances.
Example: ADRENALECTOMIZED animals, are salt-deprived. so they go after water with lots of salt in them.
There were other examples, but say the same thing. |
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Term
| Taste Preference: Control of Taste comes from Mechanisms located in the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Superior of nostril
Medial of S. Septum
Lateral of S. Turbinate and part of Middle Turbinate |
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Term
| Olfactory Cells are _____ cells that originate from _________ and contains tons of ______ that ________. |
|
Definition
-bipolar
-CNS
-Cilia
-React to odors in the air and stimulate OLFACTORY CELLS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| To coat the inner surface of the nasal cavity |
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Term
| Olfactory Signal Transduction requires 3 properties for the Odorant |
|
Definition
1) Violtile: Can be in the Air
2) Water soluble
3) Liposoluble |
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Term
| Olfactory Signal Transduction Process |
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Definition
| Odor diffuses into mucous - binds to Cilia - G protein release Alpha - Adenyl Cyclase Activated - ATP changes to cAMP - Na channels open - siganls from oflactory nerve hits CNS |
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Term
| Adaptation of Smell Properties |
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Definition
50% is in First Second
then very little, and within 1 minute its extinct due to
INHIBITORY CELLS aka GRANULE CELLS
*Granule Cells are talked about again later in the next two lecture. |
|
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Term
| Adaption of Smell: Mitral Cell |
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Definition
| Last cell before it hits the CNI or OLFACTORY TRACT |
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Term
| There are 3 Distinct Systems in Olfactory |
|
Definition
1) Very Old = Basic
2) Less Old = Autonomic but some learned (like aversion to toxic foods)
3) Newer = Conscious perception and analysis |
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Term
| Where Do Less-Old and Newer Olfactory systems send info to in the CNS? |
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Definition
*Newer sends signals to LATERAL olfactory then to frontal cortex
*Less Old sends signals to MEDIAL OLFACTORY |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensory signals -> sensory root -> interneurons -> anterior motor neurons -> alpha and gamma neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Large
-14micro-meters
-innervate large skeletal muscles = MOTOR UNIT
*1 single alpha can excite several muscle fibers = motor unit... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Small
5 micrometers
- innervate small special skeletons that...
Control Tone and are Called
INTRAFUSAL fIBERS. |
|
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Term
| Shared Characteristics of alpha and gamma |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Internurons are important? |
|
Definition
They INTEGRATE fxns of spinal
-30X more numerous tha
-They are small and highly excitable
-Spontaneous = no thinking |
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Term
| How do we inhibit Interneurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main two types of sensory receptors are... |
|
Definition
MUSCLE SPINDLES and
GOLGI Tendon Organs
*They briefly provide feedback from sensory to tell us length and tension of the muscles. |
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Term
| Where are the Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle spindles have no myosin-actin. Why? |
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Definition
| Doesn't need them. Doesn't contract |
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|
Term
| Muscle Spindles: What happens when LENGTHNING? CONTRACTION? |
|
Definition
-whole muscle stretches the "midportion"
-only the end portions stretch the "midportion" |
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Term
| Sensory Endings of Central Receptors have... |
|
Definition
1) Primary = 1a = faster and larger than..
2) Secondary = II |
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Term
| In intrafusal Fibers. there is a "bag" and "chain". What does that mean? |
|
Definition
-bag = 1-3 fibers/spindle and excites Primary Central Receptor (1a) only.
-chain = 3-9 fibers/spindle and excites both Primary(1A) and Secondary (II) |
|
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Term
| Muscle Spindle has "muscle stretch reflex"...what is that? What does this have to do with the Central Receptors? |
|
Definition
When excited, causes a reflex contraction of the large muscle fibers.
So basically what happens is Type Ia, uses a MONOSYNAPTIC (short time delay) while II terminate on MULTIPLE INTERNERONS |
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Term
|
Definition
Coactivation:
-so when ALPHA stimulated, Gamma is also activated. |
|
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Term
| Coactivation is important? |
|
Definition
1) Keeps "length of "receptor portion" to not change in muscle spindle.
2) Stops muscle spindle from "fxn, regardless of the "change" in length. |
|
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Term
| Some more info on Gamma: Controlled by brain using |
|
Definition
Buboreticular of BrainStem.
and partially by Buboreticular of
-cerebellum
-basal ganglia
-cerbral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Clincical Application of Stretch Reflex |
|
Definition
- Clonus
- Knee Jerk
*basically, are our reflexes working. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T for tendon and Tension.
So basiacally diferent than STRETCH of the Muscle Spindle |
|
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Term
| Hot Plate shows two reflexes... |
|
Definition
1)Flexor - retract right hand
2)Crossed-Extensor - extend of left leg(pushes us away)
*Utilizes INTERNUERONS |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fxnl Areas for Corticol Control= |
|
Definition
1) Primary
2) Premotor
3) Supplemetnary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Single motor excites specific MOVEMENT, not Muscle.
So contraction contracts a GROUP of MUSCLES |
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|
Term
| What is 1/2 of the energy of the PRIMARY devoted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bilateral control and works with Premotor on FAAP
1) Fixation
2) Fine Motor
3) Attiduinal
4) Positional
3) |
|
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Term
| There are 4 Specilized Areas... |
|
Definition
1) Brocca's = Speech. (some respiration fxn).
*if broken, still ssay Yes or NO...simple words.
2) Inovluntary Eye Movement
3) Head Rotation
4) Hand Skills |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Uncoordinated and nonpurposeful Hand movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PRAYAMIDAL TRACT
Pathway: signals from Cortex to Spinal Cord. |
|
|
Term
| Where does most of the "signals" for Corticospinal Tract |
|
Definition
30% Primary.
30% PreMotor and Supplementary
40% Somatosensory |
|
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Term
| Main Cell Type of CorticoSpinal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alternative pathway
ustilizes the RUBROSPINAL Fibers. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Red Nucleus usually and what mainly stimulates it? |
|
Definition
-Crebellum and Mesencephalon
-Primary Cortex |
|
|
Term
| How does the Cortical Layers work Roughly |
|
Definition
IV: Gets
V: Sends
VI: Stays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are Pyramidial Cells that gives Rise to the CorticoSpinal |
|
|
Term
| Cortical Layers: have two main functions |
|
Definition
1) Integrative = takes all info and makes right decision from it
2) Amplifying = stimulate large numbers of pyramidal fibers by utilizing SPATIAL summation. |
|
|
Term
| Pryamidal cells send two types of signals. |
|
Definition
Dynamic and static signals
(initial and rapid vs maintaininng force of contraction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What does the Brain Stem Consist of? |
|
Definition
| Medulla, Pons, and Mescenphalon |
|
|
Term
| *Brain Stem: Main Function |
|
Definition
| WayStation for Command signals. It controls a great deal of vital things so we dont' have to think abou tit. |
|
|
Term
| Additional Characteristics of Brain Stem |
|
Definition
-has motor and sensory fxns
-Independent
-and again, its a extension of spinal cord in the Cranial |
|
|
Term
| *Support of Body Against Gravity: What does Brain Stem use for this? |
|
Definition
| Reticular and Vestibular Nuclei and (ponitine) |
|
|
Term
| Brain Stem: AntiGravity: Reticular |
|
Definition
Inhibitory *against ponitine.
-makes sure muscles are not abnormally tense
Utilizes:
corticospinal, rubrospinal, and other motor pathways |
|
|
Term
| Brain Stem: Anti-Gravity: Vestibular |
|
Definition
Excitatory and Equaliubuim (balance).
-Is in the Bony and Membranous (Utricle, Sacule, SemiCircular) Labrynths |
|
|
Term
| Brain Stem: Vestibular: Macula |
|
Definition
Sensory for Head ORIENTATION by utilizng Staoconia (gelatonoius layer) that contains CILIA.
Has about 2-3X more specific Gravity.
So when head moves, cilia moves = sends signals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Its the 1 large cilia compared to Sterocilia (50-70 small cilia).
IN each macula, each hair cell is oreitned in a different direction, = depolar or hyper.
So opposite direction = hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of Cerbral Cortex: Types of Neurons: |
|
Definition
Granular (Stellate)
Fusiform
Pyramidal |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of Cerebral Cortex: Fxnl Part |
|
Definition
thin 2-5 micrometers long with
100 billion neurons |
|
|
Term
| Cerbral Cortex and THalamus |
|
Definition
| Aka the Thalamocorticoid stem. If dmaged, greater than cc or thalamus alone.. |
|
|
Term
| we know the fxns of Specici areas in the Thalmocorticoid because |
|
Definition
| Penfield and Rasmussen did electrical stimulation on awake patients and on those that had areas of brain removed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory = visual, hearing, and somatic
Motor = premotor and supplementary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recieve and analyze information from...
1) Motor
2) Sensory
3) Subcortical |
|
|
Term
| Tyhpes oof Association Areas |
|
Definition
1) Parieto-occiptial
2) Prefrontal
3) Limbic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Association Areas: Limbic |
|
Definition
BEM:
Behavior
Emotions
Motivation. |
|
|
Term
| Association Areas: Prefrontal |
|
Definition
| Works with Motor Cortex for COMPLEX movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Damage to Medial of both OCCIPTAL and
Medioventral of TEMPORAL = can't recognize Faces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intelligence
"confluence" is on dominated side so highly developed. |
|
|
Term
| Face Recognition is closesly associated with |
|
Definition
Limbic AA
Brain Activation
Behavioral response to Enriogment |
|
|
Term
| Werknieke's area is different between speaking a |
|
Definition
Heard word or Written word.
1st goes through 1primary auditory for Heard, or angular gyrus in Written |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SILENT area of the Brain
*B/c its not conscious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Timing and Smooth Sequencing/progression of 1 muscle to next |
|
|
Term
| Why is CEREBELLUm important despite not directly cause muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
Sequence motor activities and "CORRECTIVE ADJUSTMENTS to confomr motor signals that are directed by cerebal cortex and other parts.
*If Cerebellum removed, we'd have abnormal body movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum gets sensory info from PERIPHERAL parts of body on... |
|
Definition
1) Position
2) Rate of Movement
3) Forces acting on it.
*Then uses all these info to plan next Sequential Movement. |
|
|
Term
| There are 3 Lobes of the Cerbellum |
|
Definition
| Ant, Post, and FLOCCULONDULAR. |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of Cerbellum: 3 Lobes |
|
Definition
| Ant, Post, and Floccdular |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of Cerebellum: Fxnl Areas |
|
Definition
Vermis and Hemispheres.
Vermis controls SHAN = Shoulder, Hips, Axial, and Neck.
Hemispheres has INTERMEDIETE (distal of upper and lower) and LATERAL (lower level) |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of FXNL cerebellum: Hemispheres |
|
Definition
INtermetidete = distal of upper and lower
Lateral = lower |
|
|
Term
| Afferent Pathways: Dorsal =? Ventral =? |
|
Definition
Inferior. Superior.
VerSus. Ventral = Superior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory of muscle spindle, golgi tendon, large tactile, join receptors (so we get "muscle contraction, tension, psotion and rate of movements |
|
|
Term
| Ventral signals of the Afferent comes from |
|
Definition
1) Brain: cerbralspino and rubriospinal
2) INTERNAL MOTOR PATTERN GENERATORS...
*These all come from ant. horrns of EFERENCE COPY... |
|
|
Term
| FXNL unit of Cerebellar.... |
|
Definition
1) Purkinje = inhibitory
2) Deep Nuclear = hit by purkinje and excitatory
*Basically info goes through Prukinje then to Deep
*Layers -> Top = molecular
middle = purkinje
bottom = deep. |
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