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Physiology practical
physiology practical
95
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
01/11/2009

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Term
Define dwarfism
Definition
short stature (caused by decrease in growth hormone before puberty)
Term
cause of dwarfism
Definition
decrease in growth hormone before puberty
Term
Manifestations of dwarfism in the picture?
Definition
short stature...proportionate growth...decreased growth of soft tissue
Term
Manifestations of dwarfism not shown in the picture
Definition
decreased metabolic rate.. no mental retardation.. 2/3 develop infantilism
Term
Cause of partial pituitary insufficiency?
Definition
impaired secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Term
Manifestations of partial pituitary insufficiency?
Definition
severe pallor... decreased metabolic rate.. weight loss due to anorexia.. pretmature senility...
Term
Cause of panhypopituitarism
Definition
generalized failure of the anterior pituitary gland accompanied by a decrease in all AP hormone secretion
Term
manifestations of panhypopituitarism
Definition
hypothyroidism... decreased glucocorticoids.. decreased gonadotropic hormones.. severe pallor.. weight loss.. premature senility
Term
Cause of gigantism
Definition
Increase in growth hormone before puberty
Term
Manifestations of gigantism in the picture?
Definition
increase in height, increase in growth of soft tissue, proportionate growth
Term
Manifestations of gigantism not shown in the picture?
Definition
Infantile gonads..hyperglycemia
Term
Complications of gigantism?
Definition
Hyperglycemia , infantile gonads(?), DM, panhypopituitarism
Term
Cause of acromegaly?
Definition
Increase in growth hormone secretion after puberty
Term
Manifestations of acromegaly in the picture?
Definition
protruded mandible, protrusion of supraorbital ridges, enlarged nose, **enlarged HANDs**, +- enlarged tongue, lips, disproportionate growth
Term
Manifestations of acromegaly not in the picture?
Definition
kyphosis, enlarged feet, coarse thick skin, increase in body and scalp hair, hyperglycemia
Term
Complications of acromegaly?
Definition
Hyperglycemia, 25% have diabetes, deficiency of other AP hormones due to pressure atrophy
Term
Hyperprolactinemia leads to:
Definition
Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility, impotence in male
Term
Cause of Diabetes Insipidus
Definition
ADH deficiency
Term
Symptoms of diabetes insipidus
Definition
polyurea, polydepsia
Term
Cause of Thyrotoxicosis
Definition
Increase in thyroid hormone secretion due to a)LATS or b)localized adenoma in thyroid tissue
Term
Level of TSH in thyrotoxicosis
Definition
low
Term
Manifestations of thyrotoxicosis shown in the picture
Definition
Goiter, Exophthalmos
Term
Manifestations of thyrotoxicosis not shown in the picture
Definition
Increased metabolic rate, intolerance to heat, increased sweating, red warm soft wet skin, tachycardia, nervousness, insomnia, fine tremors of outstretched hand, weight loss, diarrhea, muscular weakness
Term
Cause of exophthalmos?
Definition
a) edematous swelling of the retro-orbital tissue b) degenerative changes in the extraocular muscles due to antibodies in the blood.
Term
Cause of myxedema
Definition
Deficiency in thyroid hormone in adults
Term
Manifestations of myxedema shown in the picture?
Definition
Bagginess under the eyes, swelling of the face, yellow skin, **pretibial myxedema**, brittle nails, coarse hair
Term
Cause of edematous swelling in myxedema?
Definition
increased quantities of mucopolysaccharides in the interstitial space which increases the total quantity of insterstitial fluid.
Term
Manifestations of myxedema not shown in the picture?
Definition
Decreased metabolic rate, decreased tolerance to cold, muscular weakness, constipation, husky voice, somnolence, anemia, decreased heart rate and cardiac outpu
Term
Complications of myxedema?
Definition
Bradycardia, Arteriosclerosis, Hypertension, constipation (?), Hypoventilation (?)
Term
Cause of cretinism
Definition
decrease in thyroid hormone during fetal life, infancy and childhood.
Term
Manifestations of cretinism shown in the picture?
Definition
Short stature, disproportionate growth, soft tissue enlarge excessively, obese stocky appearance, enlarged protruded tongue, thick lips, bulging abdomen
Term
Manifestations of cretinism not shown in the picture?
Definition
mental retardation, delayed milestones (eruption of teeth, closure of fontanels, sitting, walking), speech defects, incontinence of urine and feces
Term
complication of cretinism
Definition
mental retardation
Term
causes of decreased thyroid hormone secretion
Definition
endemic colloid goiter, goitrogenic substances, idiopathic nontoxic colloidal goiter, abnormalities in the enzyme system required for thyroid hormone formation, congenital lack of thyroid gland (cretinism), failure of thyroid gland to produce TH (cretinism)
Term
Cause of hyperparathyroidism
Definition
increase in secretion of parathyroid hormone (tumor in gland)
Term
Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism shown in the picture (XRAY)
Definition
decalcified bone, ostitis fibrosa cystica
Term
manifestations of hyperparathyroidism not shown in the picture
Definition
muscle weakness, constipation, hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia, depression of the central and peripheral nervous system, depressed relaxation of heart during diastole, calcium phosphate crystals
Term
complications of hyperparathyroidism
Definition
calcium phosphate crystals may deposit in alveoli, thyroid gland, tubules of the kidney (renal stones) and walls of arteries.
Term
Name the sign shown in the picture
Definition
Carpal spasm/ chvosteks sign/ trousseaus sign
Term
[carpal spasm]
calcium level?
Definition
7-9 mg% (assuming its provoked - could be spontaneous)
Term
[chvosteks/trousseaus]
calcium level?
Definition
7-9mg%
Term
Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Hypocalcemia -->manifest tetany(convulsions, carpopedal spasm, laryngeal spasm, diaphragm spasm) or latent tetany.
Term
How is chvosteks sign produced?
Definition
by tapping the angle of the jaw to stimulate the facial nerve and cause contraction of the ipsilateral facial muscles.
Term
how is trousseaus sign produced?
Definition
occlusion of the circulation by tying a blood pressure cuff around the arm and arresting the blood supply for 2 mins.
Term
Cause of addisons disease?
Definition
decrease in adrenocortical hormone secretion (due to atrophy of adrenal cortex, tuberculous destruction or cancer)
Term
Manifestations of addisons disease shown in the picture?
Definition
melanin pigmentation of mucous membranes and skin (blotches),
Term
Manifestations of addisons not shown in the picture
Definition
hypoglycemia between meals, hypotension, acidosis, weakness of heart muscle, anemia, generalized weakness
Term
why does addisons cause anemia?
Definition
cortisol increases the production of RBCs.
Term
Cause of melanin deposition in addisons?
Definition
depression of cortisol produces negative feedback to increase ACTH and MSH secretion. both MSH and ACTH increase formation of melanin pigments due to having similar chemical structures.
Term
Cause of cushings syndrome
Definition
hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex (due to tumor of the adrenal cortex or hyperplasia caused by increased ACTH)
Term
Manifestations of cushings sydrome shown in the picture
Definition
moon face, buffalo hump (+-), red face, purplish striae (+-)
Term
manifestations of cushing syndrome not shown in the picture
Definition
acne, histrutism, hypertension (80%), hyperglycemia, muscle weakness, suppressed immune system, osteoporosis, euphoria, poor wound healing
Term
complication of cushings syndrome
Definition
hypertension, hyperglycemia, adrenal diabetes --> frank diabetes mellitus
Term
Tidal volume : definition, value
Definition
The volume of air inspired or expired each cycle during normal quiet breathing. 500ml.
Term
IRV definition, value
Definition
It is the maximal volume of air which can be inspired after a normal inspiration. 3000ml.
Term
ERV definition, value
Definition
It is the maximal volume of air which can be expired after a normal expiration. 1100ml.
Term
RV definition, value
Definition
It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration. 1200ml.
Term
Inspiratory Capacity definition, value
Definition
It is the maximal volume of air which can be inspired from the resting expiratory level. TV + IRV = 3500 ml.
Term
FRC definition, value
Definition
The volume of air remaining at the lungs at the resting expiratory level. RV + ERV = 2300ml
Term
VC definition, value
Definition
it is the maximal volume of air which can be expired by the lungs by maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. TV + IRV + ERV = 4600ml
Term
TLC definition, value
Definition
It is the volume of air contained in the lung at the end of maximal inspiration. IRV + ERV + TV + RV = 5800ml
Term
What is measured by a spirometer?
Definition
TV IRV ERV IC VC
Term
What does the helium dilution method measure?
Definition
TLC FRC RV
Term
why cant TLC FRC RV be measured using a spirometer?
Definition
because air in the residual volume of the lungs cannot be expired into the spirometer
Term
Formula for calculating FRC
Definition
C1 X V1 = C2(V1+V2)
Term
RV/TLC ratio
Definition
30%, increases in obstructive lung disease eg bronchial asthma
Term
VC increases/decreases PHYSIOLOGICAL
Definition
PHYSIOLOGICAL increases in athletes, decreases in females, old age, pregnancy, recumbant position.
Term
VC increase/decreases PATHOLOGICAL
Definition
decreases in: polimyelitis and mythenia gravis, kyphosis, scoliosis, obstructive lung disease (eg bronchial asthma), restrictive lung disease (eg pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis), intraabdominal masses
Term
How do u measure TVC
Definition
subject inspires as deeply as possible and expires as rapidly and forcefully as possible into a spirometer.
Term
FEV1 normal value
Definition
>83% of FVC
Term
FEV2, FEV3
Definition
93%, 97%
Term
FEV1 increases/decreases
Definition
FEV1 decreases in obstructive lung disease, normal in restrictive lung diseases (cuz both FEV1 and FVC are reduced proportionally)
Term
MVV definition
Definition
maximal volume of air that can be breathed per minute using the fastest rate and deepest respiratory effort
Term
examples of obstructive diseases
Definition
asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
Term
characteristics of obstructive lung diseases
Definition
decreased FEV1/FVC ratio, increased RV and TLC, increased RV/TLC ratio
Term
examples of restrictive lung diseases
Definition
interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, lung congestion
Term
characteristics of restrictive pulmonary diseases
Definition
reduced TLC RV VC FRC, normal FEV1/FVC ratio
Term
GFR kidney failure?
Definition
125 ml/minute... no symptoms of kidney failure until it falls below 30 ml/min
Term
PAH clearance test measures?
Definition
effective renal plasma flow = 630 ml/min
Term
creatinine clearance test measures?
Definition
GFR = 125 ml/min
Term
urea clearance test preferred because?
Definition
no introduction of foreign substances, easier to perform.
Term
clearance formula
Definition
C = UxV/P
Term
maximum urea clearance?
Definition
Cm= UxV/P = 75 ml/min, used when urine volume >= 2ml
Term
standard urea clearance?
Definition
Cs=Ux√V/P = 54 ml/minute, used when urine volume <2ml/min
Term
normal blood urea
Definition
20-40 mg%, increases when more than 75% of normal tissue is damaged
Term
blood creatinine
Definition
normal 1.1 mg%, in renal disease reaches 10+ mg%
Term
blood inorganic phosphate
Definition
normal 3mg%, increases in advanced kidney disease to 25 mg%
Term
blood ph
Definition
7.4+-0.02, 7.38+-0.002 . acidosis and lowering of alkali reserve are features of renal failure.
Term
volume of urine
Definition
normal 1.5 L/day. Moderate renal failure: increases. Acute renal failure: can fall to zero. Chronic renal failure: usually diminished.
Term
specific gravity of urine
Definition
normal 1010-1020. haemodilution: may drop to 1002. Dehydration: may rise to 1025+
Term
Water diuresis test results?
Definition
after 5 hours, urine must be >800ml SG<1010. if SG doesnt fall, distal tubule is impaired.
Term
water concentration test results?
Definition
after 12 hours, urine SG should be 1025. If below 1020, dehydration due to impaired loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule.
Term
eg of radioopaque substance used during intravenous pyelography? what does it show?
Definition
diodrast. shadows of renal pelvis, ureters, UB. failure --> depressed renal clearance.
Term
eg of radioactive substance used?
Definition
radioactive inulin
Term
advantage of intravenous pyelography?
Definition
can measure the function of each kidney separately
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