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Physiology of Psychology Quiz 2
N/A
59
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
10/03/2011

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Term
Medulla
Definition
controls vital functions
Term
Pons
Definition
"Bridge," 90% of descending motor axons synapse on pons
Term
cerebellum
Definition
coordination, voluntary movement
Term
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
Definition
Diffuse, interconnected network for arousal. Recieves sensory info&readies neurons in spinal cord, thalamus and cerebral cortex
Term
Hindbrain
Definition
Medulla, Pons, ARAS, Cerebellum
Term
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Definition
Tectum, Tegmentum
Term
Tectum
Definition
(Roof) super colliculus (quick visual orientation), inferior colliculus (quick auditory orientation)
Term
Tegmentum
Definition
(Floor) Central Grey, Midbrain Reticular Formation, Substantia Nigra, Red Nucleus
Term
Central (Periaquaductal) Grey
Definition
increases pain tolerance, stimulation causes aggressive behavior
Term
Midbrain Reticular Formation
Definition
VTA - involved in reward
Term
Substantia Nigra
Definition
source of dopamine
Term
Red Nucleus
Definition
Brings motor info from brain to spinal cord
Term
Forebrain (Diencephalon)
Definition
Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Term
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Definition
Paraventricular nucleus (stress), Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus (Food), Preoptic area (sleep)
Term
Hypothalamic functions
Definition
organize survival behaviors, homeostasis, controls automatic division of PNS, produces hormones
Term
Relay Nuclei (Thalamic Nuclei)
Definition
project to primary cortices (ex. Ventrolateral nucleus - primary motor cortex)
Term
Association Nuclei (Thalamic Nuclei)
Definition
project to cortical association areas (Pulvinar - non-primary visual areas)
Term
Reticular Nucleus of the Thalamus
Definition
controls what is projected to the cortex by modulating the output of other thalamic nuclei -It does not project to the cortex
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Layers 5 and 6: output
Layer 4: input
Layer 2 and 3: inter-cortical
layer 1: few cell bodies, lots of dendrites, receiving area
Term
Supragranular layers in the Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Levels 1-3
Term
Granular Layer in the Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Layer 4
Term
Infragranular Layers in the Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Layers 5 and 6
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
3 Parts: Caudate&Putamen = Striatum, Globus Pallidus, input arises from entire cortex, output focused on motor cortex, with inhibitory influence
Term
Nigrostriatal system disrupted by...?
Definition
Parkinson's Disease
Term
Nigrostriatal Tract
Definition
substantia nigra projects to striatum via this, which synapses with the caudate and putamen
Term
symptoms of Basil Ganglia dysfunction
Definition
seen mostly at rest
Term
Hyperkinesis
Definition
(Basil Ganglia Damage) disinhibition of movement
Term
Hypokinesis
Definition
(Basil Ganglia Damage) inhibition of movement
Term
Parkinson's disease
Definition
(Basil Ganglia Damage) tremor, inbalance, and later rigidity
Term
Tourette's Syndrome
Definition
(Basil Ganglia Damage) tics (mostly in head and neck) and vocal tics
Term
Huntington's Chorea
Definition
(Basil Ganglia Damage) dancing movements of head, neck, arms; progresses to dementia and pschosis
Term
Cerebral Palsy
Definition
(Basil Ganglia Damage) caused by prenatal trauma, but also genetic component; spastic and writhing (athetoid) movements and poor balance
Term
Basil Ganglia massively influence...
Definition
corticospinal motor systems, but not spinal cord itself
Term
Direct Basil Ganglia Path
Definition
facilitates movement, damage results in hypokinesis
Term
Indirect Basil Ganglia Path
Definition
inhibits movement, damage leads to hyperkinesis
Term
Loss of DA for Basil Ganglia means...
Definition
BOTH Hyper- and Hypo- kinesis
Term
Parkinson's and Basil Ganglia
Definition
Parkinson's increases activity of part of globus pallidus, so LESIONS to this would relieve symptoms of Parkinson's
Term
Major Components of Limbic System
Definition
Fornix, Olfactory bulb, Mammillary body, amygdala, hippocampus, massa intermedia, corpus callosum, cingulate (limbic) Cortex
Term
Limbic System and Memory
Definition
declarative, explicit, context-dependent, autobiographical
Term
Entorhinal Cortex
Definition
gateway into and out of the hippocampus (Episodic memories)
Term
Septum
Definition
induces hippocampal theta encoding
Term
Amygdala
Definition
emotional learning
Term
Places of Acetylcholine Production
Definition
Nucleus Basalis/"Basil Forebrain," Septum, Pontine Sleep Center
Term
Acetylcholinergic neurons in Basil Forebrain...
Definition
involved in activating cerebral cortex, facilitates learning, especially perceptual
Term
Cholinergic receptors: Nicotinic
Definition
nicotine and ACh activates these receptors, located at neuromuscular junction, ionotropic, in PNS and CNS
Term
Muscarinic (Cholinergic Receptors)
Definition
Muscarine (shrooms) and ACh activates, located in sympathetic neurons, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex, metabotropic, in PNS and CNS
Term
Major Cholinergic Paths
Definition
Forebrain (Basil Forebrain) to limbic system and cortex (Septal nucleus, nucleus basilis of Meynart), Neuromuscular Junction to PNS, Temental Nuclei in midbrain (FYI only) → thalamus → reticular formation, cerebellum, and vestibular nuclei
Term
Acetylcholinesterase Blockers
Definition
can treat (For short time) Alzheimer's, improves memory and attention, Sarin Nerve Gas, Insecticides, treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, Botulinum Toxin
Term
Muscarine
Definition
affects ACh system, stimulates receptors - used to induce trance during tribal ceremonies
Term
Atropine
Definition
blocks muscarinic ACh receptors
Term
Nicotine in ACh System
Definition
stimulates neurons with ACh receptors, which then release DA
Term
curare
Definition
PNS at neuromuscular junction, blocks nicotinic ACh receptors, paralysis for use during surgery
Term
botulinum toxin in ACh system
Definition
(at the neuromuscular junction) blocks release of ACh - cosmetically relaxes facial muscles, medically used to reproduce spasms, dystonias.
Term
black widow spider venom in ACh system
Definition
continuous and intense release of ACh - repetitive painful muscle contractions and spasms
Term
Dopamine Receptors
Definition
at least 5, D1, D2, there are also inhibitory autoreceptors (presynaptic.
All are metabotropic.
Term
DA implicated in what diseases?
Definition
Parkinson's (L-DOPA used to treat disease), Schizophrenia (DA blockers used to treat illness), reward mechanisms (ex. ADHD), Attention
Term
addictive drugs trigger the release of DA in the Nucleus Accumbens
Definition
amphetamine, coke, opiates, nicotine, alcohol, PCP and cannibis
Term
DA receptor blockers
Definition
for treatment of Schizophrenia and Tourette's disease
Term
Disulfiram affecting DA system
Definition
blocks enzyme dopamine beta hydroxylase - thereby blocking the breakdown of DA resulting in increased DA but decreased NA (causes over-sensitivity to alcohol and is used to make alcoholics feel sick when drinking (also known as antibuse)
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