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Physiology II
Exam 1
70
Physiology
Graduate
12/24/2008

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
atrium
Definition
 each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles
Term
ventricle
Definition
each of the two main chambers of the heart, left and right
Term
atrioventricular (av) valves
Definition
small valves that prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole
Term
systemic circulation
Definition
 portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
 portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart
Term
cardiac ouput
Definition
 volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle in a minute
Term
venous return
Definition
 rate of blood flow back to the heart
Term
mitral valve
Definition
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two tapered cusps
Term
aortic valve
Definition
  • one of the valves of the heart
  • semilunar valve of the left side of the heart
Term
parallel arrangement
Definition
of the organ systems, it follows that the total systemic blood flow must equal the cardiac output
Term
vena cava
Definition
large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
 on the right side of the heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Term
hemodynamics
Definition
 relating to the flow of blood within the organs and tissues of the body
Term
elastic tissue
Definition
 bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal organs and not under voluntary control
Term
adrenergic
Definition
relating to or denoting nerve cells in which epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), or a similar substance acts as a neurotransmitter
Term
splanchnic
Definition
of or relating to the viscera or internal organs, esp. those of the abdomen
Term

alpha1-adrenergic receptors

Definition
 members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily
Term
beta2-adrenergic receptor
Definition
 also known as ADRB2, is a beta-adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it
Term
resistance
Definition
must be overcome in order for blood to circulate through the body
Term
ohm's law
Definition
 law stating that electric current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance
Term
blood flow
Definition
 flow of blood in the cardiovascular system
Term
viscosity (η)
Definition
 state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction
Term
v = Q / A
Definition
velocity of blood flow (cm/sec) = flow (mL/sec) / cross-sectional area (cm2)
Term
Q = ∆P / R
Definition
flow (mL/min) = pressure difference (mm Hg) / resistance (mm Hg/mL/min)
Term
poiseuille equation
Definition
 physical law that describes slow viscous incompressible flow through a constant circular cross-section
Term
R = 8 η l / ∏ r 4
Definition

resistance = 8 * viscosity of blood * length of blood vessel / 3.14 * radius of blood vessel raised to the fourth power

Term
series resistance
Definition
Rtotal = Rartery + Rarterioles + Rcapillaries + Rvenules + Rvein
Term
total peripheral resistance
Definition
sum of the resistance of all peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation
Term
laminar
Definition
taking place along constant streamlines; not turbulent
Term
length (l)
Definition
measurement or extent of something from end to end
Term
velocity
Definition
the speed of something in a given direction
Term
distensibility
Definition
cause (something) to swell by stretching it from inside
Term
turbulent
Definition
of, relating to, or denoting flow of a fluid in which the velocity at any point fluctuates irregularly and there is continual mixing rather than a steady or laminar flow pattern
Term
murmur
Definition
recurring sound heard in the heart through a stethoscope that is usually a sign of disease or damage
Term
Nr = ρdv / η
Definition
reynold's number = density of blood * diameter of blood vessel * velocity of blood flow / viscosity of blood
Term
reynold's number
Definition
 dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces (Vρ) to viscous forces (μ / L) and, consequently, it quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions
Term
aorta
Definition
 main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system
Term
anemia
Definition
condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness
Term
thrombus (thrombi)
Definition
 blood clot formed in situ within the vascular system of the body and impeding blood flow
Term
capillaries
Definition
fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules
Term
C = V / P
Definition
compliance (mL/mm Hg) = volume (mL) / pressure (mm Hg)
Term
compliance
Definition
property of a material of undergoing elastic deformation or (of a gas) change in volume when subjected to an applied force
Term
aging
Definition
 length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed
Term
diastolic pressure
Definition
phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
Term
arterioles
Definition
small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
Term
membrane potential
Definition
voltage difference (or electrical potential difference) between the interior and exterior of a cell
Term
venules
Definition
very small vein, esp. one collecting blood from the capillaries
Term
veins
Definition
 tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart
Term
pulsations
Definition
expand and contract with strong regular movements
Term
systolic pressure
Definition
the contraction of heart chambers, driving blood out of the chambers
Term
pulse pressure
Definition
 change in blood pressure seen during a contraction of the heart
Term
stroke volume
Definition
volume of blood pumped by the right/left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
Term
mean arterial pressure
Definition
term used in medicine to describe a notional average blood pressure in an individual
Term
arteriosclerosis
Definition
 thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring typically in old age
Term
aortic stenosis
Definition
valvular heart disease caused by the incomplete opening of the aortic valve
Term
aortic regurgitation
Definition
 leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle
Term
sa node
Definition
 impulse generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of sinus rhythm
Term
pacemaker
Definition
part of the heart muscle (the sinoatrial node) that normally performs this role
Term
av node
Definition
 area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart, specifically in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles
Term
normal sinus rhythm
Definition
 normal electrical conduction in the heart allows the impulse that is generated by the sinoatrial node (SA node) of the heart to be propagated to (and stimulate) the myocardium (Cardiac muscle)
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
Relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells
Term
equilibrium potential
Definition
at which there is no net (overall) flow of ions from one side of the membrane to the other
Term
depolarization
Definition
reduce or remove the polarization of
Term
hyperpolarization
Definition
occurs when the strength of the electric field across the width of a cell membrane increases
Term
plateau
Definition
state of little or no change following a period of activity or progress
Term
automaticity
Definition
can spontaneously generate action potentials without neural input
Term
conduction velocity
Definition
speed at which action potentials are propagated within the tissue
Term
excitability
Definition
capacity of myocardial cells to generate action potentials in response to inward, depolarizing current
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