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Physiology II exam 2
Chapters 10-17
87
Physiology
Graduate
12/22/2010

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Cards

Term

Trachea

 


 

Definition

conect larynx to lungs

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

blood from bronchial

Term

Bronchi

 

 

Definition

has smooth muscle & cartilage

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

blood from bronchial

 

Term
Bronchioles/terminal
Definition

no cartilage

end of conducting division

simple cuboidal

blood from bronchial

Term
respiratory bronchioles
Definition

no cartilage

simple cuboidal & simple squimous

blood from pulmonary

has alveoli

Term
alveolar ducts
Definition

no cartilage

simple squimous

blood from pulmonary

 

Term
alveolar sacs
Definition

last division of resperatory division

no cartilage

simple squamous

blood from pulmonary

Term
Minute ventilation
Definition

VE= tidal volume X respiratory rate

 

Term
Tidal volume
Definition

VT= VD+VA

total volume is dead space + alveoli

Term
Alveolar Ventilation
Definition

alveolar ventilation = VA X respiratory rate

alveolar ventilation = (VCO2)/(Paco2)

Term
IRV
Definition
volume that can be inspired starting at end of normal inspiration
Term
ERV
Definition
max volume of gas that can be exhaled strting at end of normal expiration
Term
RV
Definition
volume of gas remaining in lungs cant be exhaled
Term
TLC
Definition

total volume of gas after a max inspiration

RV+ERV+VT+IRV

Term
VC
Definition

Vital Capacity

max volume that can be expired after a max inspiration

ERV+VT+IRV

Term
IC
Definition

Inspiratory Capacity

max gas that can be inspired starting from FRC

IC=VT+IRV

Term
FRC
Definition

Functional Residual

gas in lungs after a normal expiration

FRC=ERV-RV

Term
Cholinergic
Definition

parasympathetic:

ACH

contracts smooth muscle, bronchoconstriction

Term
Adrenergic
Definition

Sympathetic

relaxes smooth muscle

Bronchodilation

EP/NE react by β2 adrenergic

Term

obstructive lung disease

TLC

FRC

RV

FVC

FEV1

FEV1/FVC

lung compliance

lung resistance

Definition

more airway resistance (asthma)

smooth muscle more sensitive to stimulus

(trouble breathing out)

 

TLC: up

FRC: up

RV: up

FVC: down

FEV1: down

FEV1/FVC: down

lung compliance: normal or up

lung resistance: up

Term

restrictive lung disease

TLC

FRC

RV

FVC

FEV1

FEV1/FVC

lung compliance

lung resistance

Definition

cant expand completely

low vital capacity, low resting lung volume

(trouble breathin in)

 

TLC: down

FRC: down

RV: down

FVC: down

FEV1: down

FEV1/FVC: up

lung compliance: down

lung resistance: down

Term
Diaphragm
Definition

raise dimension of thorasic cavity

active inspiration, primary muscle

 

innervated by phrenic nerve C3, C4, C5

Term
External Intercostals
Definition

barrels out lower ribs

active inspiration, secondary role

Term
Scalene/Sternocleidomastoid
Definition

raise sternum and top 2 ribs

forced inspiration, accessory muscle

Term
muscles of upper respiratory tract
Definition

maintains airway flow, lowers resistance

forced inspiration, accessory

Term
abdominal muscles
Definition

increase intra-abdominal pressure, pushes diaphragm up

forced expiration

Term
internal intercostals
Definition

flattens thorax, pulls ribs down and in,

forced expiration

Term
lung stretching
Definition

elastin: stretch lung tissue

collagen: resist stretch

 

lung expand/stretch in inspiration b/c unfol + rearange fibers

 

recoil is reciprical to compliance

 

smokeing decreases recoil

Term

Laminar flow

 

Turbulent flow

 

transitional flow

Definition

laminar flow: smooth in branches.  lung & small airways

Turbulent flow: trachea, high velocity

Transitional Flow: mix of both.  bronchial tree.

Term
lung compliance
Definition

lung is most complient at FRC (40% of TLC)

 

lung becomes less complient as TLC is approached.  at high volumes, a big change in P is needed to raise V.

 

compliance increases with age

 

decreases with fibrosis, and alveolar edema

Term
surfactant
Definition

DPPC produced by type II granular pneumocytes

 

also contributes to compliance

Term

Zone 1

 

Zone 2

 

Zone 3

Definition

Zone 1: PA > Pa > Pv.  ventilated, but not perfused. (dead space)

 

Zone 2: Pa > PA > Pv.  Blood flow is based on the difference between arterial pressure and alveolar pressure.  as the difference increases near the bottom of zone 2, pulmonary bloodflow will increase.

 

Zone 3: Pa > Pv > PA.  bloodflow is dependent on difference between arterial and venous pressure.  capilarys are perminantly open.  vessels increase size on bottom of zone 3.  low resistance, high flow.

 

zone 1 can be increased if blood pressure drops from hemmorhage.

Term

Nucleus tractuc solitarius

(NTS)

Definition
  • in brainstem
  • DRG ventrolaterally
  • peripheral chemoreceptors & pulmonary stretch receptors: lateral
  • arterial baroreceptors: dorsolateral & medial
Term
Pulmonary Stretch receptor
Definition
  • vagus nerve to lateral NTS
  • smooth muscle of lungs
  • activated by inspiration stretch
  • when fully stretched, fires NT to medulla to stop.  "Breuer-Hering reflex"
  • active during large VT
Term
Irritant receptors
Definition
  • Vagus -> lateral NTS
  • between airway epithelial cells
  • when iritated: bronchoconstriction, rapid shalow breathing. 
  • cough/sneeze
Term
air flow
Definition
Pharynx -> larynx -> Trachea -> bronchial tree
Term
cells of airflow
Definition
cilliated columnar -> cuboidal -> squimous
Term

Type 1 alveolar cell

type 2 alveolar

Definition

1: gas exchange

2. surfactant

Term
minute ventilation
Definition
V'e = Vt x n
Term
NO
Definition

relaxes

dilation

Term

FEF 25-75%

 

if small?

Definition
obstruction
Term
flow : volume loop
Definition

forced expiration: fast then slows down

forced inspiration: flow is constant

Term
obstruction
Definition

low FEF 25-75

low FEV1

high resistance

Term
respiratory quotient
Definition
O2 consumed/CO2 exhaled
Term
normal VD to VT ratio
Definition
0.2 to 0.35
Term

alveolar ventilation

 

(simple)

Definition
V'A = V'E - V'D
Term

forced expiratory volume

if big?

if small?

whats normal?

Definition

FEV1

big: restrictive

small: obstruction if less than 0.6

norm: 0.8

Term
if radius changes what happens?
Definition
airfloe effected by power of 4
Term
FRC
Definition

40% of TLC

most complient

 

Term
radial traction
Definition
effects only 1 alviolus
Term
whats surfactant made of?
Definition
DPPC by cell type II
Term
atelectasis
Definition

when little alvioli send air to big alvioli

 

not happen because

tension in parger alvioli increase

tension in small alvioli decrease

Term
when is recoil of lung = recoil of chest wall?
Definition

at FRC

 

FRC is resting, lung wants to adjust volume to reach FRC

Term
partial pressures and barometric pressures
Definition

Po2 = Pb X Fo2

 

Fo2 = fractional component of o2

 

 

Term
Fo2
Definition
0.21
Term

PAo2

atmospheric PAo2

Definition

alveolar: 100 mm hg

 

atmospheric: 160

Term
blood moved
Definition
lungs -> pulmonary vain -> LA -> LV -> cells -> RA -> RV -> pulmonary artery.
Term

cell Po2

Cell Pco2

Definition

Po2 = 40

Pco2 = 46

Term
inhibits to diffusion
Definition

pulmonary edema

pulmonary fibrosis

pneumonia

Term
at pao2 of 100 mm g how much O2 in blood?
Definition
3 ml/1 L
Term
what % of O2 is bound to Hb
Definition
98.5%
Term
So2
Definition

% oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.  % of Hb that have O2

 

So2 = amount of O2 boung to Hb / O2 capacity

Term
if P50 goes up, what does it mean?
Definition

curve shifted right

less Hb-O2 affinity

Term

CO poisoning

what happens to

O2 content?

O2 capacity?

Definition

O2 content low

O2 capacity same

Term
Bronchial Circulation
Definition

for lung cell oxygen consumption

from aorta -> lungs -> azygous/intercostal vains -> right atrium

Term
parasympathetic
Definition

ACH

bronchoconstriction

Term
mast cells release
Definition

Histamine: constriction by binding H1

 

Leukotriene: constrict, increase prosteglandins

Term
external intercostals
Definition

forced inspiration

pulls lower ribs up and foarward

Term
abdominal
Definition

forced expiration

raise intraabdominal pressure

pushes diap[hragm up

Term
internal intercostal
Definition

forced expiration

flatten thorax

Term

pressure in breathing during inspiration

 

intrapulmonary

 

intrapleural

Definition

intrapulmonary: (lung) down up

 

intrapleural: (outside) down

Term
partial pressure in solution
Definition

Cx = a X Px

 

Cx = amount of gas disolved in liquid

a = solubility in the liquid

Px = partial pressure of gas

Term
alviolar air effect on atmospheric air
Definition
Pb - 47
Term
calculating Po2 from Pco2
Definition
po2 = Pio2 - PAco2 / RQ
Term

Big Hb-O2 affinity

left shift

Definition
  • Low 2,3 BPG
  • High PH
  • Cold
  • ow Pco2
Term
Low Hb-O2 affinity
Definition
  • High 2,3 BPG
  • Hot
  • Low PH
  • High Pco2
Term
calculating O2 capacity
Definition
O2 capacity = (1.34 x Hb concentration)
Term
Calculating O2 content
Definition

O2 content = (1.34 X Hb concentration X So2) + (o.oo3 X Po2

)

Term

Hypoxic Hypoxia

 

what?

 

wht?

Definition

blood has loq Po2

and Hb poorly saturated

 

why: hypoventilation, high altitudes, low Pio2

Term

anemic hypoxia

 

what?

 

why?

Definition

Po2 is normal, Hb concentration is low

low O2 content, and low O2 capacity

 

why: carbon monoxide,

Term

Hypoperfusion hypoxia

 

what?

why?

Definition

Circulatory/ischemia/stagnant hypoxia

What: low tissue bloodflow

Why: low CO, local obstruction

Term

Histotoxic hypoxia

what:

why:

Definition

what: toxic substance inhibits ability to use O2

O2 content of venous blood high, O2 consumption by tissue low.

why: cyanide

Term
Haldane effect
Definition

deoxygenated, reduced HbH will bind CO2

if PO2 is low, CO2 will be high

Term
anastamosis
Definition

bronchial circulation + pulmonary circulation

 

blood mixing, so blood to LA isnt 100% oxygenated.

Term
zone 1
Definition

PA > Pa > Pv

 

ventilated, not perfused

 

can increase if hemorhage low BP (hypovolemia),

Term
zone 2
Definition

Pa > PA > Pv

 

bloodflow dependent on Pa - PA

Term
Zone 3
Definition

Pa > Pv >PA

 

bloodflow dependent on Pa - Pv

 

low resistance, high flow

Term
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
Definition

poor get poorer

rich get richer

(from an O2 perspective)

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