Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanical digestion of food? |
|
Definition
| Chewing food (mastication) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical digestion in mouth? |
|
Definition
| salivary amylase in saliva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins to digest carbs as they enter mouth
In saliva
Needs a pH of 7 |
|
|
Term
| What absorption occurs in the mouth? |
|
Definition
| None, no absorption in mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connects mouth to stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Top of esophagus
Keeps air out unless you swallow |
|
|
Term
| Gastroesophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
Bottom of esophagus
Keeps acid out of esophagus and in stomach
Prevents regurgitation |
|
|
Term
| Can you live without your stomach? |
|
Definition
| Yes, you can live without your stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
STORAGE TANK (main purpose)
Makes gastric juice
mixes food
Intrinsic factor (serves a a carrier to ileum, allows body to absorb vit B12) |
|
|
Term
| What disease would you get if you didn't have a stomach? |
|
Definition
Pernicious Anemia
-Your body couldn't absorb B 12 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps absorb vitamin B 12 |
|
|
Term
| What does the stomach digest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much protein does the stomach digest (%) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purpose of stomach lining |
|
Definition
| protects stomach from gastric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce mucus in stomach
Alkaline to neutralize pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protects stomach wall from acid
Reduces friction in digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| What do parietal cells produce (2) |
|
Definition
| Produce HCL and Intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
| What do chief cells produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mixes with HCL to produce pepsin
Bottom layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kills bacteria & organisms that could potentially be in food
Secreted in parietal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of stomach lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs are absorbed in the stomach (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can aspirin and alcohol produce ulcers? |
|
Definition
| Take off mucus covering in stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acid eats away stomach lining
Happens when mucus doesn't protect stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ways the stomach's emptying is influenced by the small intestine |
|
Definition
FAT (most influential)
Acidity
Osmolarity
Distention
Hormonal |
|
|
Term
| Role in how fat controls stomach's emptying |
|
Definition
| An increase in fat in the small intestine decreases the amount stomach empties |
|
|
Term
| Role in how acidity of small intestine controls stomach's emptying |
|
Definition
| More acidic chyme that goes into small intestine, less stomach emptying |
|
|
Term
| Role in how osmolarity controls stomach's emptying |
|
Definition
| The more contents that are in the stomach, the greater the rate of emptying |
|
|
Term
| Role in how distention controls stomach's emptying |
|
Definition
Stretching of small intestine means less emptying in the stomach
Fat increases stomach stretching |
|
|
Term
| Role in how hormones control stomach's emptying |
|
Definition
| Cholecystokin and secretin decrease stomach digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete gastrin into the blood
Stomach endothelial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete somatosatin (pancreas secretions) |
|
|
Term
| How much gastrin juice is produced per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ways stomach protects itself from self-digestion (3) |
|
Definition
Mucus production
Tight junctions
Rapid gastric epithelial cell production |
|
|
Term
| Layers of tissue in digestive tract wall (inner to outer) |
|
Definition
Mucosa
Submucosa
muscularis
Serosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of islets of Langerhans (2) |
|
Definition
Produce Insulin and Glucagon
Blood sugar control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alkaline bicarbonate secretion
NaHCO3
neutralized stomach acid for the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| 5 secretions of acinar cells |
|
Definition
Pancreatic lipase (Fat digestion)
Pancreatic amylase (Carb digestion)
(Protein digestion)
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release bile from gall bladder to small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Does alot of things in digestive system
Put it down if you dont know what to do
Biochemical factory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood vessels throughout liver and digestive system |
|
|
Term
| Enterohepatic circulation |
|
Definition
| Recycling of blood and nutrients in hepatic portal system |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of enterohepatic circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Storage tank for zinc, iron, vitamins
Detox
Protein synthesis
Removes and secretes cholesterol and billirubin
Fat metabolisim
Bile production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broken down red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emulsify (breakdown) fat in droplets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary site of digestion and absorption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Regions in small intestine |
|
Definition
duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum -Most important |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of villi and microvilli (2) |
|
Definition
Increase surface area- "ficks law: increases rate of absorbtion of nutrients"
Move food down tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In small intestine on villi
Produce mucus, helps move food |
|
|
Term
| What does ileum (small intestine do) |
|
Definition
Recycles
Allows B 12 to function (intrinsic factor)
Absorbs pancreatic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Fat digestion in small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein digestion in small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carb digestion in small intestine |
|
Definition
| whatever carbs that remain |
|
|
Term
| Small intestine secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much secretion is absorbed in small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large intestine secretions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large intestine digestion |
|
Definition
| No digestion in large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Absorption in large intestine (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much is left for defecation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People strive to acheive their highest potential against difficult life experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of biological function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All body fluid inside of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All fluid outside of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid portion of blood, mostly water (93% by volume)
contains dissolved proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Tissue-Filled"
Bathes the cells within the organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consistency of the internal environment in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of the process decreases as the concentration of the product increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of the process increases as the concentration of the product increases |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic Control Systems |
|
Definition
"Built In" to the organs being regulated
Ex.) Heart and Kidney |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic Control Systems |
|
Definition
Regulation of an organ by the nervous and endocrine systems
Must overule the intrinsic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive charge of an atom
Found in Nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neutral charge of an atom
Found in nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negative charge of an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 structures with identical molecular formula, but different structures/characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atoms of a molecule share electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cations (+) bond with Anions (-)
Ex) Na+ --> Cl- = NaCl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bond that has an atom the hogs more of the charges, creating a polarity within the molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bond the has equal charges to each molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polar molecules that are soluble in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compound that is both Hydrophillic and Lipophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Polar Bond
-Oxygen shares the electrons with Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bonds
-Weak H-bonds between water molecules |
|
|
Term
| Primary Protein Structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary Protein Structure |
|
Definition
| H-Bonds and Peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary Protein Structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quaternary Protein Structure |
|
Definition
| Non-covalent, hydrogen, peptide, and Disulfid bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nitrogenous bases
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Messenger (mRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)
Transfer (tRNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of large molecules by the removal of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of molecules using water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Edge of Life"
Semi-permeable
Gives cell shape and controls what leaves/enters cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Control center of cell
Made of nucleolus and Nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nonmembraneous mass of protein and RNA molecules
Produce rRNA for ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Double membrane organelle
Supports nucleus and controls passage of materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Juice content inside cell but outside nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Liquid portion of the cytoplasm
Cannot be removed by centrifugation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lattice of microfilaments and microtubules
Provides structural organization for cell shape and organelles |
|
|
Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
Assists in protein synthesis
Manufacture of phospholipids used in produced cell membrane
Manufacture secreted proteins |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
Produces packages to Golgi complex
Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids used to produce cell membrane
Drug Detox |
|
|
Term
| Golgi Complex (Apparatus) |
|
Definition
"Post office"
Recieves, identifies, sorts, ships vessicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane enclosed bag of hydrolitic enzymes
Intracellular digestive system (Hydrolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small membraneous sacs
Contains oxidative enzymes for detoxifacation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Barrel-Shapped octagons
Fits into nuclear pores
Controls transport of materials in/out of nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Double-membrane organelle
Powerhouse of cell- Makes ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by nucleus
Synthesizes Proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Molecules/enzyme breaks the helix (H-bonds)
Separates DNA strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enzyme that ties nucleotides together
Semi-Conservative Duplication |
|
|
Term
| Semi-Conservative Duplication |
|
Definition
| Produce two copies that ech contained one of the original strands and one new strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals that control different cell phases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tumor suppressant genes
Turns off cyclins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell is undergoing normal functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Restriction Point (Cell Cycle) |
|
Definition
| Makes sure cell is ready for DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Synthesis Phase (Cell Cycle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell continues to grow
Makes sure cell is ready to enter mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell growth stops and cellular energy focused on dividing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Nucleolus disappears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nuclear membrane reforms
Nucleoli appear
Chromosomes unwind into chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cleavage Furrow
Cell spilts into two |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rewrite the DNA template in mRNA form
In nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ribosome creates new amino acid chain from transcription
In cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speeds up the rate of chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical reactions that require input of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reactions that convert molecules with more free energy to molecules with less free energy, releasing energy as the reaction proceeds |
|
|
Term
| Examples of energy carriers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular respiration without oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular respiration with oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pryuvate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Double lipid bilayer
Has phospholipid heads and fatty acid tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Spot Welds"
Filaments extending between cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Communication Junctions
Ion movement through channels
Small ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Passive movement down a concentration gradient
Ex.) Electrical gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Needs a carrier
Pasive and Active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High to low concentration movement
No energy required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Requires energy (ATP)
Low to High cocentration movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Net diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
Water moving to area of high solute concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resting Membrane Potential is -70mVo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is a separation of opposite charges (EXCITATORY) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane potential is reduced, moves more + charges inside membrane (EXCITATORY) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane returns to RMP after depolarization (INHIBITORY) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potential is greater than RMP- More negative (Lower than -70mVO) (INHIBITORY) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brief, rapid reversals of membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized changes in membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| (NONDECREMENTAL-LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION) |
|
Definition
| AP is as strong at bouton as where it started, and travels long distances |
|
|
Term
| (decremental-SHORT DISTANC COMMUNICATION) |
|
Definition
| GP has varying grades of magnitude, as it loses strength the further it goes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branches that are the receptive zone of the neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process where action potentials are generated down to other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cone shaped process that connects the soma to the axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Enlarged part of a axon where it forms synapse with another neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only in PNS; forms a myelin sheath around axon to increase speed of electrical transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small gap in the myelin sheath of a myelinated nerve fiber where the axonal membrane is uninsulated and therefore capable of generating electrical activity. Openings in the myelin sheath. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuron either generates an AP or it doesn’t; either the threshold is reached and it generates an AP or nothing happens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An AP jumping down a myelinated axon. It jumps down the Nodes of Ranvier and increases conduction speed |
|
|
Term
| 2 factors that influence the rate of conduction |
|
Definition
Whether the nerve fiber is myelinated or unmyelinated effects speed of a nerve impulse.
A myelinated nerve impulse is faster.
Also the diameter of the nerve fiber effects nerve impulse speed. |
|
|
Term
| What factors would make the fastest speed of conduction |
|
Definition
| Thicker Fiber and Myelinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The body's own immune system attacks and damages the myelin. When myelin is lost, the axons can no longer effectively conduct signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excitatory post synaptic potentials (Na influx) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (Cl- influx) |
|
|
Term
| Grand post-synaptic potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Method of signal transduction (Whether AP is generated or not) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Summation over time (frequency of neuron fired)
signal strength with more frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Summation over space (multiple neurons fired) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convey information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system and are sometimes also called sensory neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acetylcholine –(auto) Somatic motor neurons (excitatory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Muscarinic receptors
o Nicotinic receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
G-protein operated channel
•Only ions pass through
•Alpha-beta-gamma complex
oOne of them activates the channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brain, autonomic ganglia, skeletal muscle
Ligand-operated channel
5 polypeptide units
Form a chemically gated channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein on postsynaptic membrane that works as an enzyme
Reacts to breakdown neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regulates mood in behavior
Working in medulla & pons |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
Cocaine, alcohol and nicotine
Motor control
Limbic system- Emotion-reward system |
|
|
Term
| How much neural tissue is made up of neuroglial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form myelin sheath in PNS
Increase rate of conduction 50x |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support cells for cells for unipolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myelin sheath in CNS (white matter)
Conduction increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phagocytosis
located in the Choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Line ventricles
Produce CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Star shapped
Circulate CSF w/ Cilla
“nurse cells”
Formation of BBB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Processes information and gives correct response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glial cells
Skull
Meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surround neurons and hold them in place,
destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membranes between skull and brain
Protect the brain from hitting the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Circulatory system for the brain
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the brain
Takes wastes away and dumps into veins
o Brain floats on top (97% weight free) |
|
|
Term
| Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) |
|
Definition
o Forms tight junctions
Only allows polar molecules (hydrophobic: O2, CO2, hormones) through from blood to the brain
Keeps out viruses and bacteria that are in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New pathways, long term memories are formed, changing the physical structure of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Brainstem (Medulla Oblongata)functions: |
|
Definition
1.Ascending and Descending nerve tracts
2.Cranial nerves 9-12 come off of it
3.Direct control of cardiovascular and respiratory system
4.Autonomic Reflexes |
|
|
Term
| RAS (Reticular activating system) |
|
Definition
| •responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o NREM
Slow wave sleep
80% of sleep time
Have muscle tone, no dreaming, easily awakened by stimuli
Blood pressure and breathing decrease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brain makes long term learning
No muscle tone, dreaming, not easily awakened
Blood pressure and breathing rate increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurological disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Don’t get enough sleep or have poor quality of sleep
o Impairs functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Initial processing of visual stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Sound, cochlea and cranial nerve sends electrical signals of sound
o Memories are connected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Somatosensory system
skin, joint, muscle, tendon receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Map of body regions, gives all sensations from receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Language comprehension
Both written and spoken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Voluntary motor control (skeletal muscle)
o Speaking ability
o Language
o Personality
o Reasoning (reading, writing, math) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part responsible for speaking ability (does talking for you) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• ElectroEncehalaloGram- measures electrical signals in brain (activity)
o Uses
Stages of sleep
Clinical tool
Legal tool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Relay station for all sensory information
o EXCEPT SMELL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Links autonomic nervous system to the endocrine system
• Functions
o Controls body temp (98.6)
o Controls hunger
o Controls thirst & urine output
o Controls pituitary hormone secretion
o Produces ADH (Anti-duretic hormone) oxytocin
o Indirect control of cardiovascular system
o Emotional & behavioral patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Ring of forebrain structures that surround the brain stem and connects structures by intricate neural pathways:
o Thalmus
o Hypothalmus
o Fornix
o Hippocampus
o Olfactory tract
o Amygdala
o Nuclei
• Center for basic emotional drives
• Feelings and behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Acquirement of information (experience) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Lasts few seconds then is gone
o Rapid retrieval
o Limited storage
o 5-7 itmems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Information moved from short-term
Slower retrieval
Unlimited storage
Permanent structural changes
• Neural synapses change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 2 respiratory centers
o Rate & Depth per breath
o V – VIII cranial nerves connected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Helps for maintenance of balance
• Enhances muscle tone (posture)
• Coordinates skilled, voluntary movements
o calibrate the detailed form of a movement |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal root- (afferent root) |
|
Definition
| • Carrying info into CNS (sensory) |
|
|
Term
| Ventral root- (efferent root) |
|
Definition
| • Efferent root- carries info out of CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Where dorsal and ventral roots merge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Communicates information from the nervous systems to the brain, or from the brain to the systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • provides the communication between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious, automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oSimple
Unlearned
oAcquired
Learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receptor
afferent pathway
intergrating center
efferent pathway
effector |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus is not apart of the reflex arc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
input adapts slowly to a stimulus, produces AP over duration of stimulus
Examples ( photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adapt rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops
Examples (odor, touch, temperature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body |
|
|
Term
| How is receptor density related to receptor field size? |
|
Definition
Inversely
Larger Receptor density= smaller receptor field size |
|
|
Term
| Why does receptor density change across different parts of the body? |
|
Definition
| Receptor density changes so we can differentiate stimuli in specific regions (fingers) and not get overloaded with sensory information whenever we touch things with other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - plasma membrane of a muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm (contains glycogen and myoglobin and higher concentration of mitochondria) of a muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth ER forming interconnecting tubules surrounding myofibrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tubules running between sarcoplasmic reticulum and penetrating deeply into cell; aids in conducting "stimulus" into cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal portions of sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to transverse tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules, terminal cisternae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein with heads (crossbridges) and tail; heads interact with special active sites on thin filaments (heads contain ATPases that enzymatically split ATP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein made up of many protein subunits called globular actin (G actin); each G actin has an active site that binds myosin heads during contraction; G actin units are polymerized into a F actin; two F actins make up the thin filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spirals around and stiffens the F actin.
Prevents myosin from binding to actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ca interacts, changes shape of it which rolls up and allows actin/myosin to bind, contracting the muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myosin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin, actin cannot touch myosin crossheads |
|
|
Term
| Sliding filament mechanisim |
|
Definition
1. Change in thin filament
2. Tropomyosin needs to move
3. Crossbridge activated and bends
4. Power stroke
5. H-zone disappears, (does not shorten, just slides together)
6. Thin filaments pull together into the H zone
7. Z- lines move closer together |
|
|
Term
| Thin and Thick Filaments shorten as the muscle contracts |
|
Definition
False
Thin and thick filaments DO NOT change in length, they just overlap more!! |
|
|
Term
| ATP is required in muscle contraction for: |
|
Definition
• Crossbridge activation
• Detachment of myosin head from actin
• Pump Ca back into sarcoplasmin reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| striated and contains sarcomeres. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells lack sarcomeres and are not striated |
|
|
Term
| Glucose, from the muscle’s stored glycogen |
|
Definition
| an increasingly important energy source during heavy exercise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New ATP can be quickly produced from it when ADP takes a phosphate from it |
|
|
Term
| Stronger muscle contraction comes from |
|
Definition
| Greater motor unit recruitment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers are adapted for aerobic respiration and are resistant to fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers are adapted for anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers are fast-twitch but adapted for aerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
| Where are Slow-twitch fibers found |
|
Definition
| Postural muscles: able to sustain contraction for a long period of time without fatigue. |
|
|
Term
| Where are fast-twitch fibers found |
|
Definition
| Gastronemuis, eye muscles |
|
|
Term
| Has no troponin and no tropomysin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca Ion in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| causes a chemical change that allows myosin head to bind to actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neruogenic; functions like skeletal muscle
but innervated by autonomic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Single-unit smooth muscle |
|
Definition
function syncytium;
cells which work as a unit mechanically and electrically (heart has two) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates |
|
|
Term
| Motor units for fine control |
|
Definition
| small motor units (12 fibers per neuron) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large motor units (1500 to 2000 fiber per neuron) |
|
|
Term
| Which cardiac system has low pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cardiac system has high pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does there have to be an AV delay? |
|
Definition
| You don't want atria and ventricles contracting simultaneously, need ventricles to fill up before they contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have unstable membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
40-60 BPM
Only pint of electrical contact between the atria and ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal pacemaker sites within the heart (outside of the SA node) that display automaticity
Can take over for SA node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| events in one complete heartbeat (.8 sec) |
|
|
Term
| Does the heart contract more or relax more |
|
Definition
relax (diastole)
Must feed itself oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial chambers depolarize (SA node firing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization/Atrial repolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricles contracting and emptying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricles relaxed and filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resting HR is >100 BPM
Too fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting HR is slower than normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents initiation of a second Ap until resting potential is restored |
|
|
Term
| Why is tentanus impossible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turbulent flow at abnormal times in the cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
| Decreased heart rate ______ cardiac input? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased stroke volume ______ cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased venous radius ____ the blood flow through the vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased skeletal muscle activity ______ the venous return |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased parasympathetic nerve activity _____ the arteriolar radius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased sympathetic nerve activity _____ the venous radius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased end-diastolic volume _____ the end-systolic volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased venous return _____ the end diastolic volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The faster the heart beats the less time it spends in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the heart meet increased metabolic needs? |
|
Definition
| Time of feeding decreases, so coronary artery radius increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
(BEN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC's that have segmented nuclei and many cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large round nuclei that fill the cell
Do not have cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue macrophage (super phagocyte) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have B and T cells
B-Cells- Produce antibodies
T-Cells- Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary cessation of breathing, esp. during sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult or labored breathing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the volume of air remaining after complete expiration. The volume prevents alveoli from collapsing and causes surface large surface tension.
(1200mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The volume of air inspired or expired in one normal respiration cycle
(500mL) |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
|
Definition
The extra volume of air that can be forcibly expired from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.
(About 1000 mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the maximum amount of air that can expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration
(About 4800mL) |
|
|
Term
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
|
Definition
The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
(2200 mL) |
|
|
Term
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
|
Definition
The vital capacity plus the residual volume (VC+RV)
6000mL |
|
|
Term
| Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) |
|
Definition
The fraction of the vital capacity expired in 1 second. Determines the conditions of the lungs. Normal person should have a percentage of 80%
(FEV1/FVC)*100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks the lungs from EXPIRATION (below 50% FEV1)
Asthma & Emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks lungs from INSPIRATION
(FEV1 is <50%)
Fibrosis and pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volume of air in the respiration passages which remains unchanged during respiration (air that is in air tubes)
150 mL |
|
|
Term
| Respiration Minute Volume (VT) |
|
Definition
The volume of air moved in or out of the respiratory passages per minute which is equal to the product of the tidal volume by the respiratory rate
VT=TV*RR
6000ml/min at rest |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar Ventilation Rate/min |
|
Definition
Total volume of "new" air entering the alveoli each minute
4200ml/min at rest
vA=(TV-Vd)RR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
On Medulla
sense changes in the arterial Pco2 by
pH changes in the CSP
Send signals to increase ventilation |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
On aortic and carotid bodies
Sense decrease in blood pH
Send signals to increase ventilation |
|
|
Term
| 3 steps in urinary formation |
|
Definition
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood enters nephron, goes into glomerulus and is filtered into protein-free plasma that goes into renal tubule for further processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filtrate from glomerulus travels down the renal tubule as most fluids, solutes like glucose, salts, and amino acids, and ions from the filtrate are reabsorbed backed into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wastes and other things that need to be eliminated can travel from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule without coming from the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| Two hormones that regulate absorption of sodium and water at the kidneys to maintain osmolarity |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone and Vasopressin (antiduretic hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What are not normal urine components? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, protein, and blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secreted in sm intestine in response to fat in chyme
Decreases stomach motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secreted by stomach in response to an increase in pyloric acid
Triggers hunger signal in hypothalmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secreted in small intestine in response to acidic chyme
Decreases stomach motility |
|
|
Term
| How do digestive enzymes work? |
|
Definition
catalysts(they speed up chemical reactions)
break up food so that its nutrients can be absorbed by the body and waste products can be eliminated |
|
|
Term
| Size of thoracic cavity _____ when diaphragm is contracting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lung volume _____ and the diaphragm contracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When air comes into the lungs, intra-alveolar pressure is _____ than the outside air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intra-alveolar pressure when no air is flowing through lungs |
|
Definition
| Equal to pressure of outside air |
|
|
Term
| intra-alveolar pressure is _____ than the outside air when air is flowing out of lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure at the end of expiration, before inspiration, is _____ to atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intraplural pressure at any point during respiration is _____ than intralveolar pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This size of thoracic cavity is ____ during contraction of the intercolstal muscles and ______ during contraction of external intercostals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air flow during passive expiration is _____ than airflow during active expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure in the presence of pneumothorax is ___ atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end diastolic volume
Normal=130 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end systolic volume
Normal= 70 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stroke volume
SV=EDV-ESV normal=70mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CO
CO= heart rate (HR)X Stroke Volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100.4 degrees
Alkaline (pH of 7.45)
Metalic taste (iron) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Distribution (Oxygen, drugs, hormones, waste)
Regulates body temp
Protects body with WBC's, anitbodies, clots to prevent blood loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
55% plasma
45% Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
|
|
Term
| Composition of blood plasma (6) |
|
Definition
90% water (polar)
Electrolytes
Glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced in liver
FAG
Fibrinogen (4%)
Albumins (60%)
Globulins (36%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clots, turned in fibrin
Gamma antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osmotic gradient in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha-beta-gamma antibodies
Amphipathic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red Blood Cells
contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Erythocyte characteristics (4) |
|
Definition
Flexible
97% hemoglobin (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Carries 98% of oxygen in body
Carries 20-25% carbon dioxide in body |
|
|
Term
| Lifespan of erythrocyte (2) |
|
Definition
120 days
Removed by spleen (2-3 million a second) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RBC production
(kidney controls rate -erythropoietin)
Red bone marrow produced RBC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
(45% of blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormone secreted by kidneys
controls rate of hematopoiesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to absorb adequate amount of vitamin b12 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of Red Bone Marrow to produce adequate # of RBC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemolysis (rupture of RBC's)
Ex)
(Sickle cell anemia)
(malaria) |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Polycythemia (4) |
|
Definition
High altitude
Chronic lung disease
Tumor in bone marrow
Doping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Makes bloody syrupy
(causes more work for heart increase blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platelets that make thrombus (clots)
Lifespan: 5-9 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 basis steps of Hemostasis |
|
Definition
Vascular spasm (contraction of vessel to decrease blood loss)
Formation of platelet plug (scab)
Blood clot (fibrogen-->fibrin) |
|
|
Term
| Function of serotonin in hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| weak vasoconstrictor, helps form platelet plug (scab) |
|
|
Term
| Function of plasmin in hemostasis? |
|
Definition
Causes clot removal
(starts immediately after clot is made) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Free floating clot
(can float to lungs/heart/brain and clog, which canh kill) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Too little # of proteins that help blood clot
(causes abnormal bleeding) |
|
|
Term
| Respiration (3 basic functions) |
|
Definition
Ventilation (breathing
Gas exchange (o2 from lungs to blood; co2 from blood to lungs)
Cellular respiration- oxygen utilization for ATP (krebs cycle) |
|
|
Term
| Non-respiratory functions (7) |
|
Definition
Eliminates water and heat
Enhances venous return
Maintains normal pH balance
Enables voice
Defends against inhaled foreign junk!
Modifies some of things carried in blood (buffer system)
Enables the sense of smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intracellular respiration (electron transport chain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breathing, oxygen/co2 exchange (alveoli-blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tubes from nose and mouth to alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nose-(warms, humidifies, cleans)
Pharynx-(Switch (esophagus or windpipe)
Larynx-(voicebox) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Past larynx
Trachea-(Hyaline cartilage rings)
Bronchi-(fork in trachea, keeps tubes inflated)
Bronchioles-(go to segments in lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region specialized for gas exchange between lungs and blood |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Alveoli |
|
Definition
surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
surface area= 75sq m (size of tennis court) (ficks law)
Has pores (wet surface for gas diffusion) |
|
|
Term
| Structure of type I alveolar cells |
|
Definition
| Thinner barrier for more exchange |
|
|
Term
| Structure of type II alveolar cells (3) |
|
Definition
Alveolar surface tension
Surfactant
(keep alveoli inflated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical that decreases water surface tension in lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Dust cells"
phagocytosis- eat up debris and bacteria trapped in lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is required for air to flow in and out of lungs? |
|
Definition
| pressure gradient between lungs and atmospheric air pressure |
|
|
Term
| What changes the air pressure in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| A change in the volume of lungs |
|
|
Term
| What makes the lungs decrease in air pressure? What happens to air? |
|
Definition
When lungs expand in size
Air pressure is lower in lungs; air travels into lungs |
|
|
Term
| What causes lungs to increase in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to lung pressure when there is a decrease in lung volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to lung pressure when lung volume does not change (2) |
|
Definition
Lung pressure is equal to outside pressure
No airflow |
|
|
Term
| When is alveolar pressure equal to atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
| When there is no airflow in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What muscles cause air to be pulled in (inspiration)? (2) |
|
Definition
Diaphragm
external intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes |
|
|
Term
| What muscles cause air to be pushed out (expiration)? (2) |
|
Definition
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles (push diaphragm up) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How easy the lungs can expand under pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of a structure to recoil back to original size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outer chest wall
Ribs, sternum, vertebrae |
|
|
Term
Intra-alveolar pressure ________ intrapleural pressure
(<,>,=) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air movement is always down a ________ ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active process (ATP used) Abdominal muscles contract (push diaphragm up) Internal intercostal muscles contract (push chest wall down & in) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae |
|
|
Term
| intrapleural pressure is always less than ______ by _____ |
|
Definition
intrapulmonary pressure
by 4 mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure (3) |
|
Definition
Pressure within pleural cavity
Sealed chamber
Normal pressure is 756mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Higher altitude means __________ pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive Process (Repiratory) (4) |
|
Definition
Inspiratory muscles relax
Lungs recoil due to elasticity
Chest wall falls
No ATP used |
|
|
Term
| The larger the pressure gradient, ____________ |
|
Definition
| The more air flow in/out of lungs |
|
|
Term
| What does airway diameter determine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narrower airways mean _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wider airways mean ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle in bronchioles is controlled by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation on bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation on bronchiloles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flight or Fight effect on bronchioles |
|
Definition
| bronchodilation, need greater airflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Makes expiration more difficult than inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Air can't get out of alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long term inflammation on brochioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"smokers"
Macrophages eat way surface area
"self digestion" |
|
|
Term
| What controls airway resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cannot expand lungs
Inspiration capacity is reduced because lung expansion is reduced |
|
|
Term
| Restrictive lung diseases effect what parts of the spirogram? (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air moving in and out of the lungs each minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volume of air exchanged between atmosphere and alveoli each minute
(TV-Dead airspace)* Respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to breath? |
|
Definition
Deep, slow breathing
5 breaths a minute |
|
|
Term
| What is more efficient way to breathe? |
|
Definition
| Increase TV instead of Increasing breathing rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of body |
|
|
Term
| How is gas exchanged accomplished? |
|
Definition
| Simple diffusion (non-polar) |
|
|
Term
| Gases move passively down _________ ______ ______ |
|
Definition
| Partial pressure gradients |
|
|
Term
| How do gases move in there gradients? |
|
Definition
| Down each of their own concentration gradient, independent of other gases |
|
|
Term
| What does more metabolic activity in a tissue cause on the partial pressure gradient? |
|
Definition
| Causes larger gradient between ISF blood, meaning more gas movement |
|
|
Term
| How much oxygen and co2 partial pressure does deoxygenated blood (blood from pulmonary arteries) have? |
|
Definition
| oxygen partial pressure (pp) of 40 mmHg and CO2 pp of 45 mmHg. |
|
|
Term
| How much oxygen and co2 partial pressure does oxygenated blood leaving lungs (blood from pulmonary veins) have? |
|
Definition
| O2 pp of 100 mmHg and CO2 pp of 40 mmHg. |
|
|
Term
| Pressure of o2 and co2 in alveoli |
|
Definition
Po2 is 105 mmHg
Pco2 is 40mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Pressure of o2 and co2 in pulmonary capillaries |
|
Definition
Po2 is 40mmHg
Pco2 is 46mmHg |
|
|
Term
| What part of oxygen in blood contributes to the blood partial pressure of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen that is dissolved in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What part of oxygen in blood does not contribute to the blood partial pressure of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen need of body at rest |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Oxygen need of body during exercise |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Release of oxygen from hemoglobin is increased by _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Tissue metabolism causes _____ ______ ________ (3) |
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Definition
Increase is Pco2 in tissues
Increase in H+ conc. in tissues
Increase in temperature in tissues |
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Term
| Purpose of carbon dioxide transport |
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Definition
| maintain acid/base balance |
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Term
| % of carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma and RBC's |
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Definition
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Term
| % of carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| % of carbon dioxide as bicarbonate buffer (HCO3) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is carbon monoxide poisoning? |
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Definition
| Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin faster, and suffocates the cells, making them unable to transport oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme on RBC's that catalyzes carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is ionized to form H+ and HCO3, (bicarbonate) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
High pressure of oxygen
Toxic |
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Term
|
Definition
Decrease in pressure of carbon dioxide
Hyper ventilation
Causes decrease in pH, (Alkalosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
High pressure of carbon dioxide
Hypoventilation
Increase in pH (acidosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| The roles of chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| sends input to brainstem that tells what the blood oxygen/carbon dioxide levels are |
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Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors (2) |
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Definition
Carotid and Aortic bodies
Respond to blood Po2 levels when they are low |
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Term
| Central chemoreceptors (2) |
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Definition
In Medulla
Respond to H+ concentration in CSF |
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|
Term
| Why does H+ concentration monitor the blood gas levels? |
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Definition
| The more H+, the more CO2 is in blood |
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|
Term
| What gas does peripheral chemoreceptors measure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What gas does central chemoreceptors measure |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The basic functions of the urinary system (6) |
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Definition
Maintain water balance
Regulates Ionic Balance
Regulates Plasma Volume
Regulates body pH
Regulates osmolarity
Eliminates wastes |
|
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Term
| How are proteins prevented from getting out of glomerulus? |
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Definition
| Negatively charged basement membrane repels them |
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|
Term
| What is present in filtrate? (3) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the driving force of the urinary system |
|
Definition
| High glomerular capillary blood pressure |
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|
Term
| What is the pressure of the urinary system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forces that effect filtration rate? (GFR) |
|
Definition
High glomerular capillary blood pressure
Hydrostatic pressure (-15 mmHG)
Osmotic gradient (-30mmHg) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does vasodilation and constriction have on GFR |
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Definition
| more constriction means more BP, which means more GFR |
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Term
| What does the Na/K pump do in the nephron |
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Definition
The pump gives on osmotic gradient (cotransports glucose and amino acids, moves water back into capillaries)
electrochemical gradient (moves Cl- back into capillaries) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Limited about of Na+ carriers to cotransport glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| What is the collecting duct permeable to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the collecting duct not permeable to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls rate of water permeability in collecting duct? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much glucose is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urea is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much salt is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much water is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases Na+ absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is urine concentration changed from isotonic to hyper or hypotonic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the negative ions influenced by Na+ reabsorbtion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances are secreted (last step) from blood to tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum obligatory volume of urine output needed to be secreted daily? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of angiotensin II? |
|
Definition
Increases aldosterone secretion
Gives thirst signal to hypothalmus
Increases ADH
Vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
| How are negative ions influenced by Na+ |
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Definition
| Na+ creates an electrochemical gradient when it is reabsorbed, which pulls negative ions (chlorine and phosphate) |
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|
Term
| What effects does Aldosterone have? |
|
Definition
Stimulates the secretion of H+
Makes K+ go into filtrate, Na+ out
Increases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What direction does tubular secretion go? |
|
Definition
| From peritubular capillary to tubular fluid (tubules or loop of henle) |
|
|
Term
| What does aldosterone do to excess K+? |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone trades K+ for Na+, K goes into filtrate, Na+ goes into blood |
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|
Term
| What effects does ADH have? (3) |
|
Definition
Changes the permeability of the Distal Convuluted tubule and Collecting Duct
Allows more water to leave the filtrate
Produces hypertonic urine |
|
|
Term
| What causes renin to be released? |
|
Definition
Low Na+
Low arterial blood pressure |
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|
Term
| What permits voluntary bladder control? |
|
Definition
| Voluntary control over external urethral sphincter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you have the urge to pee? |
|
Definition
| When bladder is filled with 150 mL urine |
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|
Term
| Maximum amount bladder can hold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(systolic pressure-diastolic pressure)/3
1/3 of pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| Where does majority of water reabsorption occur? |
|
Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule |
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|
Term
| Purpose of surfactant in lungs |
|
Definition
decreases surface tension on alveoli
Keeps them inflated |
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|
Term
| What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on veins |
|
Definition
| None, blood vessels aren't affected by parasympathetic stimulation |
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|
Term
| What does the frank-starling law NOT do? |
|
Definition
| does not regulate heart rate |
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|
Term
| What hormone causes increase in the blood calcium concentration and decrease in blood phosphate concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high density lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuron either generates an AP or it does not |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Insulates the current so it stays directed in the neuron
Makes conduction 50x faster
Thicker fiber--> Faster conduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rapid, transient changes in membrane potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| A separation of opposite charges |
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Term
|
Definition
Membrane potential is reduced-moving more + inside
Excitatory |
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Term
|
Definition
| Membrane returns to RMP after depolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
Potential is greater than RMP
More negative than -70mVo |
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Term
|
Definition
Short-lived
Decrease strength further that they have to travel
decremental (short distance communication) |
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|
Term
| localized changes in membrane potential |
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Definition
varying grades or degrees of magnitude
multiple sizes |
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Term
|
Definition
only cells with "excitable membranes"
(Neurons; Muscle cells)
Brief, rapid reversals of membrane potential
Spread by local current flow
nondecrimental (long distance communication; does not lose power as it travels) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(long distance communication; does not lose power as it travels)
Action Potential |
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Term
|
Definition
Short distance communication
Decreases in strength the further it moves from the initial active site |
|
|
Term
| How fast do changes occur in membrane potential during an action potential |
|
Definition
| .003 seconds- 3milliseconds |
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|
Term
| What happens in the membrane potential during an action potential |
|
Definition
Change in membrane permeability
Concentration ions on inside & Outside change |
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|
Term
| Membrane potential at rest |
|
Definition
1 Na in--> Na channels are closed
-70 K out--> K channels are open |
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|
Term
| Membrane potential during an action potential |
|
Definition
Na ions enter into the cell
Threshold- -50 to ~-55 mVs
Na channels open--> +30 mVs
When Na channels close, K channels open, and K moves out of cell (efflux)
cell has -70 mVs charge once again |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Closed, but able to open with stimulation from a stimulus
Open- "activated" -working
Closed, and unable to open -"inactivated"- stimulus cannot open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closed sodium channels that cannot open even if a stimulus is applied |
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|
Term
| Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at rest |
|
Definition
Polarization
membrane potential: -70 mVs (inside more negative than outside)
State of Na channels: Closed but can open if stimulus comes
Ion permeability: K channels open (1 set) |
|
|
Term
| Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP |
|
Definition
Depolarization
Membrane potential- Moving from -70 to more positive reading when a stimulated by a stimulated
State of Na channels:
opened a few channels
-50 to -55 threshold is reached
Trigger Na channels to open
Na ion levels 600x > than K ion levels |
|
|
Term
| Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at peak |
|
Definition
Membrane potential: +30mVs
State of Na+ Channels: Closed and unable to open with a stimulus
Ion permeability- K+ channels open |
|
|
Term
| Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP during the falling phase |
|
Definition
Repolarization
membrane potential: from +30mVs down to -70 mVs
State of Na channels- closed an unable to open
Voltage gated K channels: Open, K moves out (efflux)
Ion permeability- K moves out, no Na move |
|
|
Term
| Role of the Na/K-ATPase pump |
|
Definition
Move Na+ back out of cell
Move K+ back into cell |
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|
Term
| Pathway of neuron conduction |
|
Definition
Gather info from dendrites
Soma
Axon hillock
Threshhold
ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ion channels close and lock
Repolarize until RMP is to -70mVs then are able to open again |
|
|
Term
| Signal changes at a neural synapse |
|
Definition
| Electrical-->Chemical--> Electrical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depolarization
Na channels open
More Na in--> more positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperpolarization
Increase in permeability to K+ or Cl-
K+ moves out of cell
Cell becomes more negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excitatory post-synaptic potentials
Na+ influx |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
Cl- influx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grand post-synaptic potential
EPSP+IPSP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characteristic of skeletal muscle is its ability to contract to varying degrees
More than a twitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Summation over time
(frequency) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Summation over space
(multiple neurons fired)
Converging into many cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single cell is influenced by thousands of other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branching at axon terminals into telodendria of other cells to cause one message to go to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acetylcholine
Somatic motor neurons (excitatory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cardiac, smooth muscle, glands receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receptors for
Brain
Autonomic Ganglia
Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only ions
Nicotinic receptors
5 polypeptide subunits
Form channel that is chemically gated |
|
|
Term
| G-protein operated channel |
|
Definition
Muscarinic Receptors
Only ions pass through
Alpha-beta-gamma complex -one of them activates channel to open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acetylcholinesterase
Protein on postsynaptic membrane that works as an enzyme- reacts to breakdown neurontransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Ex.) Serotonin & Dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neurotransmitters
In Medulla & Pons
Regulates mood and behavior
Drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil- antidepressants (keep serotonin in synaptic cleft longer) |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine, Epinephrine, norepinephrine |
|
Definition
In midbrain and basal nuclei
Limbic system
Motor control
Emotion/reward system
"Parkinson's" |
|
|
Term
| How are monoamines inactivated? |
|
Definition
| Inactivated by breaking down and re-uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Everything but brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form myelin sheath in PNS (Grey matter)
Increase rate of conduction by 50x |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supports cells for Unipolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myelin sheath in CNS (White Matter)
Increase conduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phagocytosis- "Pac Man" digest bad/degenerating cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Choroid Process--> Choroid Plexus
epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord
Involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
Most abundant neuroglial cells
Circulate CSF with cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood Brain Barrier
Prevents brain from getting bad things from blood Ex.)Viruses |
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