Term
| Autonomic nervous system preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which areas of the brain exert control over the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, Pons, Medulla |
|
|
Term
| Cell body of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are located in the |
|
Definition
| lateral gray horn of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During sympathetic activation, __________ occurs. |
|
Definition
elevated heart rate
elevated blood pressure
sweating
elevated blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called _________ ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. There signs are the result of |
|
Definition
sympathetic activation
increased levels of epinephrine in the blood
increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus
the "flight or fight" response |
|
|
Term
| The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end or" is |
|
Definition
| true only for the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| The statement "its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is |
|
Definition
| true only the the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The statement "preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is |
|
Definition
| true for both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving |
|
Definition
| both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation |
|
|
Term
| What are adrenergic receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Craniosacral division is another name for the |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic division of the ANS |
|
|
Term
| Which structures are innervated by the celiac ganglion? |
|
Definition
stomach
liver
pancreas
spleen |
|
|
Term
| The _______ division of the ANS is said to function during the "rest & digest" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic Functions include: |
|
Definition
constriction of the pupils
stimulation of urination
stimulation of defecation |
|
|
Term
The vagus nerve is the major source of parasympathetic output?
True or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The suprarenal medullae secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of the alpha 1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in |
|
Definition
| release of calcium ions from intracellular stores |
|
|
Term
| A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking receptors of cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably decrease the activity of sympathetic system by binding to _________ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the human eye, which structure has the highest refraction power |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which term applies to the term myopia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cornea is the part of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary__________, and sympathetic activation causes __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During accommodation, the ciliary muscle _________ and the suspensory ligaments become _________ which, in turn, cause the lens to become _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The optic disc is a blind spot because |
|
Definition
| no photoreceptors located here |
|
|
Term
| When a rod is stimulated by light? |
|
Definition
plasma membrane becomes hyperpolarized
retinal changes from the 11-cis to the 11-trans form
less neurotransmitter is released
cGMP decreases and sodium channels close |
|
|
Term
| The first step in process of photoreception is |
|
Definition
| absorption of a photon by a visual pigment |
|
|
Term
| Steps that occur in rods when they are excited by photon of light |
|
Definition
1. Retinal changes from 11-cis form the 11-trans form
2.Opsin activation occurs
3. opsin activates transducin
4.Increased phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP
5. Membrane sodium channels close
6. Membrane hyperpolarizes and rate of NT's release declines |
|
|
Term
| Statements about the retina? |
|
Definition
Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II
Axons carrying its output synapse in the thalamus
It has photoreceptors that do no respond to dim light
It has photoreceptors that do no respond to red light |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Layer of the eye aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Layer of the eye |
|
Definition
consists of the sclera, limbus, and cornea
provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye
contributes optical power
is where extrinsic eye muscles insert |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains ganglion cells
contains the photoreceptor cells
contains bipolar cells
is the deepest layer of the eyeball |
|
|
Term
| The _________ ear collects sound waves and transmits them to the ___________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The external acoustic meatus ends at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tympanum. malleus. incus. stapes. oval window. round window |
|
|
Term
| The vibrations received by tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of the auditory tube is to |
|
Definition
| equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| The structure that forms the "roof" of the organ of Corti is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bending of stereocilia of the inner ear hair cell results in |
|
Definition
| change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells |
|
|
Term
| Condition in which the lens of the eye lost its transparency is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals |
|
Definition
| signals rotational movements |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are the only sensory pathways to reach the forebrain w/o first synapsing in the thalamus
information flows to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system
primary afferents synapse in the olfactory bulb |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory discrimination is due to |
|
Definition
| pattern of olfactory receptor activity |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory receptors __________ with age & have _____________ turnover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When an odorant binds to its receptor causes activation of adenylyl cyclase
T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lingual papillae has the largest number of taste buds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Taste buds are monitored by which cranial nerves?
2 |
|
Definition
facial nerve (VII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) |
|
|
Term
| Six Primary Taste sensations |
|
Definition
Sweet
Sour
Salty
bitter
umami
calcium |
|
|
Term
| Sensation that is triggered by chicken broths and parmesan cheese is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type of G protein coupled receptor?
taste bud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water taste receptors are located in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Salt taste receptors are ligand ion gated channels and when they open the receptor cell get depolarized.
T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma is closet in composition to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most abundant protein in the blood plasma are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ages and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the
3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The waste product of bilirubin is produced from |
|
Definition
| heme molecules lacking iron |
|
|
Term
| In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from |
|
Definition
excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma
extensive breakdown of RBC
destruction of hemoglobin
recycling of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During bacterial infection you would expect to see increased number of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of platelets is to assist in the |
|
Definition
| process called hemostasis |
|
|
Term
| ______________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of fibrinolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin needed for the formation of clotting factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps maintain normal blood volume
eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid
transports lipids from the digestive tract
fights infection |
|
|
Term
| Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ______ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are the ______ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes are produced and stored in: |
|
Definition
thymus
lymphatic nodules
lymph node organs
the spleen |
|
|
Term
| About the lymphocytes, T is to _____ as B is to _____ . |
|
Definition
thymus dependent
bone marrow derived |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic vessels are located: |
|
Definition
Periphery
Renal arteries
groin
throat |
|
|
Term
| The body's innate defenses include: |
|
Definition
skin
complement
interferon
inflammation |
|
|
Term
| The release of endogenous pyrogen (interleukin-1) by active macrophages would |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation produces a localized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ______ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptive defenses depend on the the activities of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of adaptive defenses include |
|
Definition
versatility
tolerance
memory
specificity |
|
|
Term
| Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called __________ immunity |
|
Definition
| naturally acquired passive |
|
|
Term
| Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a __________ cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stress can affect the immune response by |
|
Definition
depressing the inflammatory response
reducing the number of phagocytes
inhibiting interleukin secretion
increasing the level of glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the |
|
Definition
| pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
|
Term
| Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways |
|
Definition
Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size
Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus
Cardiac muscle cells branch
Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs |
|
|
Term
| The right atrium receives blood from the |
|
Definition
coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
systemic circuit |
|
|
Term
| Function of an atrium is to |
|
Definition
collect blood
pump blood to the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of |
|
Definition
| increased membrane permeability to sodium ions |
|
|
Term
| The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to |
|
Definition
| calcium channels remaining open |
|
|
Term
| The __________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the |
|
Definition
| heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an EKG by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Structural Components of the conducting heart
In order: |
|
Definition
| SA node. AV node. AV bundle. bundle branches. purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| During the T wave of the EKG, the ventricles are |
|
Definition
| both repolarizing and relaxing |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ______ beats per minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the EKG's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first heart rate sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second heart sound "lub" |
|
Definition
| closing of the semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole? |
|
Definition
| The bicuspid valve needs time to shut before the ventricle can eject blood |
|
|
Term
| The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart is innervated by _________ nerves |
|
Definition
| both parasympathetic and sympathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end diastolic volume
the contractility of the ventricle
pressure required to pump blood into the aorta
venous return of blood to the heart |
|
|
Term
| What would cause the stroke volume to increase? |
|
Definition
| when diastolic blood pressure is decreased |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac output in increased by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the force of ventricular contraction increases what will happen to the end-systolic volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End-systolic volume is defined as the |
|
Definition
| amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction |
|
|
Term
| Calculate the cardiac output of a patient with a heart rate of 100 bpm and a stroke volume of 75ml? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the urinary system include |
|
Definition
regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions
helping to stabilize blood pH
conservation of valuable nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by |
|
Definition
adjusting the volume of water lost in urine
releasing erythropoetin
releasing renin
regulating NaCl levels in blood |
|
|
Term
| Urine is carried from kidney to urinary bladder by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood enters the glomerulus via a blood vessel called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and glomerulus make up the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Region known as the macula densa is part of |
|
Definition
| distal convoluted tubules |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells form the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important function of the kidney |
|
Definition
control of total body water
control of electrolyte composition of the blood
control production of RBC by bone marrow
regulation of blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Filtration of plasma takes place in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called ___________ capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary function of proximal convoluted tubule is |
|
Definition
| absorption of ions, organic molecules vitamins, and water |
|
|
Term
| The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these components are located in the ________ of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are largely confined to the renal medulla. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal threshold for glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of filtration is driven by |
|
Definition
| blood hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
What pressures resist glomerular filtration
2 |
|
Definition
capsular hydrostatic osmotic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of |
|
Definition
| loop of Henle and collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves |
|
Definition
secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by neurohypophysis
aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells
high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts
increase in facultative water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Thick ascending limb of the nephron loop is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium and chloride ions from the filtrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to |
|
Definition
less secretion of aldosterone
increased urinary loss of sodium
reduction of blood pressure
decreased sodium reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What undergoes tubular secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances are not found in filtrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approx what % is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce |
|
Definition
| urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions |
|
|
Term
| Where does countercurrent occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area is sensitive to ADH |
|
Definition
| distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| What area is sensitive to aldosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx constitute the _________ portion of the airway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The respiratory epithelium of conducting airways consists of |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles make up the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because |
|
Definition
| allows for better conditioning of the inhaled air |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
filtering air
warming air
humidifying air |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory membrane of the has exchange surfaces consists of |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and resultant collapse of alveoli is |
|
Definition
| respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
| External respiration involves the |
|
Definition
| diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood |
|
|
Term
| Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is |
|
Definition
| inversely proportional to volume of its container |
|
|
Term
| Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is |
|
Definition
| greater than the pressure in the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| What is 1 atm of pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the volume of lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveolar ventilation refers to the |
|
Definition
| movement of air into and out of the alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure |
|
|
Term
| Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloride shift occurs in order to |
|
Definition
| transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma |
|
|
Term
| About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood |
|
Definition
| as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma |
|
|
Term
| Most of the oxygen transported by blood is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is in RBC
is an enzyme
can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma
can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ions in plasma |
|
|
Term
| Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PCO2. This increases the effectiveness of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The MOST important chemical regulator of respiration is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apneustic centers of the pons |
|
Definition
| provide stimulation to the inspiratory center |
|
|
