Term
|
Definition
| structure on back of brainstem. Controls coordinated movements. Close relationship with vision. |
|
|
Term
| Rapid Eye Movement (Paradoxical) Sleep |
|
Definition
| 15 mins, long, at the end of a slow wave sleep cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 stages, each progerssively deeper over about 75 min cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polysynaptic reflex. Multiple neurons between afferent and motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle length information. No control by upper CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental signal. Binds and changes a receptor. Reacts with body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical changes open ion channels. Changes membrane potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taste, smell. Chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases AP number despite prolonged stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adapt slowly. Few true tonic receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sharp, localized, passes quickly. Glutamate NT. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffuse, dull, long lasting. Substance P NT. with serious illness/injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence suspected before discovery. NT unique to afferent, slow pain neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salty - Na+
Sweet - Organic sugars
Acid, sour - H+
Bitter, bases - cations, poisons
Umami - glutamatic (MSG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in CNS. adaptation to smell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lens refracts light to focus on retina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between cornea and lens. Glaucoma: decrease drainage or excess production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly pigmented layer behind retina. No multiple images. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rods - shade of grey
Cones - polar receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generator potential - activated by rods/cones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reach threshold and fire APs that leave eye for CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myopia: near-sighted.
Hyperopia: far-sighted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malleus(hammer) incus(anvil) stapes(stirrup) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat, sticky, opens when ears pop. Normally closed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rest on basilar membrane. Generates graded potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overtones - allow source distinction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair cells imbedded in gel with otoliths. Acceleration pulls on hair cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Detect linear acceleration. Utricle: horizontal motion. Saccule: Vertical motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respond to emergencies. Fight or Flight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenergic receptors. cause increase in tissue activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic Responses |
|
Definition
| Decrease heart rate, Increase GI contractions and secretions, increase pancreatic secretions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unit of contaction, Z line to Z line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actin polymer backbone - double stranded helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Myosin polymer of filamentous protein. |
|
|
Term
| T-tubules/Sacroplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
| T's are invaginations of muscles membranes. Carry APs. SR develops from ER, stores Ca++. |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Action Potential |
|
Definition
| starts at NMJ snyapse. NT binds to receptor opens Na+ channels and starts AP spread in both directions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At t-tubule, AP travels inward - alters protein in t-tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ca++ bound tropon in causes tropomyosin to shift into actin groove. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ADP + Pi released, myosin shape changes. Doesn't shorten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filaments slide to decrease force on crossbridge head - goes to lowest energy state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor neuron and muscle fibers it innervates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small motor units first, then larger. Allows gradation of force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced overlap of thick and thin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick filaments compression against Z line. Thin filaments overlap and interfere with each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supports about 20 sec of full activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 min of energy use. Glucose and glycogen in muscles. No oxygen use. |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Krebs cycle and electron transport system. Pyruvate into Co2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Larger cells, and hyperplasia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High intensity exercise causes microdamage to filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have larger central portion of receptor. Dynamic response - Detects change of length. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller set of receptors parallel to nuclear bag fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle equivalent to Z lines. anchored to cell membrane, also in interior. Thin filaments attach here. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force with no stimulus. Ca++ leaks in and partially activates smooth muscle. Smooth mm partially activated. |
|
|
Term
| Myosin Light Chain Kinase |
|
Definition
| Ca++ activated. Adds phosphate to myosin light chains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of Pi from light chain when AM attached decreases M detachment rate. |
|
|
Term
| Visceral (Single Unit) SM |
|
Definition
| One contracts, all contract. Use APs linked by gap junctions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each cell individually activates, no Aps or gap junctions. Blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strong connections between cells. Desmosomes for strength. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In right atrium. Depolarize to threshold - Starts AP. Starts Heartbeat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apex cells activated first by Purkinje fibers, then muscle cell-to-cell through gap junctions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autorhythemic, no stable baseline potential SA and AV nodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atrial depolarization. Start of atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventricular depolarization masks atrial repolarization end of atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relaxed heart, time for filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contracts first, Completes filling of ventricles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follows atrial contraction. Contraction spreads upward. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Load left ventricle works against. High BP puts greater load on heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-luminar flow=sound when valves should be closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strove Volume x Heart Rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thickness of blood. Controlled by hematocrit |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol effect on Atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
| Modest alcohol consumption can solubilize fatty streak. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sympathetic nuerons, metabolites, paracrines controls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Balance of BP forcing fluid out and osmotic pressure from plasma proteins drawing fluid in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Albumin: highest amount-draws fluid into capillary. Globulin: many subgroups
Fibronogen: final protein for blood clot formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activated by collagen and other proteins in connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposure of collagen - platelet sticking - ADP positive feedback. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monocytes move into tissue and become macrophages. Resident macrophages wait for bacteria to come. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release histamine which causes inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of 9 plasma factors - C1-C9. major bacteria killer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C5-C9 can form pores in membrane. Very local, rapid inactivation, Pore allows osmotic lysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases blood flow - brings phagocytes, oxygen, amino acids. Function: dilation of opening of pores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytokine - released from virus-infected cells. Activate anti-viral defenses in cells near virus infected cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recognize molecules foreign in fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both B and T cells. provide immunity from antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activation of memory cells is fast, strong and long. |
|
|
Term
| immunoglobulins - Antibodies |
|
Definition
| IgG, IgA, IgO, IgM, IgE are Y-shaped proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major functions: activate complement system to kill bacteria, label cells for ingestion by phagocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release cytokines that activate all B and T lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self antigens - on surface of all cells, identify cells as self. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingest and present antigens. Activate T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layers of epithelial cells, no blood supply, supplied by diffusion from the dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connective tissue beneath the epidermis. Blood vessels, nerve endings, many cell types. Blood regulates heat loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adipose tissue - insulates body from heat loss (fat) |
|
|
Term
| Atmospheric, Intra-alveolar, Intrapleural Pressures |
|
Definition
A: 760 at sea level
I-A: variable, exhale 1-2> atm, inhale 1-2>atm
IP: between lungs and thoracic wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regular-phrenic nerve from medulla sends AP to diaphragm. Diaphragm contraction increases thorax volume. Decreased pressure causes inspiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adherence of H2O molecules creates surface tension on inside of alveoli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several phospholipids mix with water and decrease surface tension. Also prevents edema in lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal tidal volume is 500 mL. 150 of mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchi. 350 is normal alveolar inflation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gas equivalent to concentration |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion across Alveolar wall |
|
Definition
| Gases follow partial pressure gradients. Capillary gases match tissue it goes through. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 effects: 1) binds Hb 200x stronger thatn O2. 2) Shifts Hb - O2 curve to left |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10% dissolved, 30% bound to plasma protein and Hb. 60% converted to bicarbonate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyze the rapid interconversion of Co2 + H2O into Bicarbonate. |
|
|
Term
| Medullary Control Centers |
|
Definition
| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cigarette smoke, coal tar most common causes |
|
|
Term
| Decreased alpha-Antitrypsin |
|
Definition
| Lungs have digestive enzymes for defense. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive decrease in surface area. May need pure O2 to fill Hb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recessive Gene-decreased Cl-Channel activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional unit of the Kidney. Has vascular system and tubular system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From glomerulus into Bowman's Capsule. Glomerular capilaries have very wide pores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fructose polymer. Filtered, not reabsorbed or secreted. Used to measure glomerular filtration rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different carriers for different molecules. TM is limit of transport due to limited number of carriers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3x more carrier capacity than normal filtered load. DIABETES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to carrier with Na+ on lumenal side to enter tubular cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintain BY by increase Na and H20 reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Production of Angiotensin II |
|
Definition
| Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts AC to AII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powerful vasoconstrictor=increase BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Block production of Ang II. Used as treatment for hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extra removal from plasma. Most secretion is at proximal tubule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PAH is totally secreted from plasma. Appearance in urine proportional to renal blood flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creates osmotic gradient in kidney medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From posterior pituitary. Released when plasma osmolarity high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H2O channels. Increase reabsorption of H2O. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filtrate pH must be 4.5 or greater for H+ to enter filtrate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase number of active Na+ carriers on lumenal side of CD tubular cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ureter connects to kidney to bladder. Increased bladder pressure closes ureters, prevents back flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Internal: smooth muscle - involuntary
External: Skeletal muscle - voluntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/3 of total body water, Na+ dominated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short term, a drop in pressure causes auto-transfusion, changes in baroreceptor activity. Long term: Salt intake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypotonic: <300
Isotonic: =300
Hypertonic: >300 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptors in hypothalamus that control VP release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depresses the neurons especially in the CNS. Alkalosis makes neurons hyperexcitable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H+ is controlled in 3 ways: chemical buffering, respiratory control of CO2, and renal control of H+ excretion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bicarbonate is the most important ECF buffer |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Control of H+ |
|
Definition
| Second line of H+ defense, works with non-respiratory sources of H+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal CO2 retention from hypoventilation. Lung disease, drugs, nerve/muscle disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe diarrhea, loss of bicarbonate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormonal/neural activation. Increase relaxes VSM and increases blood flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stretch receptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body adjusts to own normal BP. Adaptation to prolonged BP change occurs over days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypertrophy against increased load. High BP hurts heart. |
|
|
Term
| Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers |
|
Definition
| Blocks NE/Epi effects on heart -less Ca++ entry. Decreases force of cardiac contractions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chains of sugars, usually glucose. Different combos have different links between sugars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced in the mouth and in the pancreas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released in protected form. Never released in active form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both from pancreas and on S.I. wall. Convert peptides into amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| Infant Protein Absorption |
|
Definition
| Newborns can absorb protein directly until tight junctions form. IgG in colostrum, provides protection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bile salts from liver emulsify MG and FFA. Carry fats to brush border. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries water soluble foods directly to liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water soluble B and C rapidly absorbed, rapid loss in urine. B12 absorption needs intrinsic factor from stomach. Vitamins A, D, E, K in lymph system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mucosa: epithelial cells
Submucosa: longitudinal muscle
Muscularis: circular and longitudinal smooth mm. myenteric plexus.
Serosa: outer epithelial later, produces serosal fluid. |
|
|
Term
| Migrating Motility Complex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gastrin: from stomach
Cholecystokinin: Duodenum into blood
Secretin: duodenum into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube to stomach-sphincter at each end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper: relaxes upon swalling
Lower: normally tightly closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acid into esophagus thru LES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pepsinogen. Mucus, gastrin, intrinsic factor for B12 absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released a little at a time. Pyloric sphincter squeezes shut as boluses are crushed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live in gastric pits. Causes >50% of all ulcers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Almost entirely Na Bicarbonate. Bicarbonate Solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteases released in protected form. Lipase and amylase released in active form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major component of bile. Bile salts from micelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed from heme of lysed RBC's. Waste products from RBC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Folds of S.I. wall tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Folds of cell membrane at the rips of villi cells. Site of absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes: most common SI motility>absorption. Loss of H2O and K+. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food in stomach causes relaxation of cecum and allows ileum to empty. Gastrin relaxes ileocecal valve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| E. Coli an other types - appear soon after birth. May produce useful vitamins and essential amino acids. Can invade after radiation poisoning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gastrin triggers colonic contraction. Voluntary control of external anal sphincter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| event "x" causes a change away from state set point. response "y" causes a return to a set point. Basis of homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Event "x" causes a change to a new set point. no return to original set point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combinations of protein & RNA. Free ribosomes make proteins for use in cytosol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribosomes link amino acids. Newly formed protein threaded into ER lumen as it is made. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain digestive enzymes. Digest molecules down to usable size. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains anti-oxidants, destroys oxygen radicals. |
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic Energy Production - Glycolysis |
|
Definition
| NO oxygen. Glucose, NAD, 2 ADP in, 2 ATP/Glucose without oxygen out. |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria - Aerobic Energy Production |
|
Definition
| double membrane structure. electron transport system-part of inner membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondrial Inner Membrane |
|
Definition
| cytochromes form electron transport system on inner membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| octagonal barrel shaped structures. tRNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| backbone of membranes. fluidity within membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Hyrophobic/Hydrophilic Sections |
|
Definition
| Fat soluble center of membrane. Hydophobic: cross easily. Hydrophilic: outer sides of membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevents close packing of fatty acid chains. create membrane fluidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only ions go through. protein channels span membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyze reaction. some activated by receptors, some always active. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bind to solute, either chemical or physical exchange. Activate either channel or enzyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On outside, bind to solute, either chemical or physical change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular rivets. Hold moving cells together: skin, heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Channels between cells - ions pass electrical link. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No ATP used move down diffusion gradient. Molecules bind to one side, carrier reorients, molecules leaves on opposite side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use ATP for energy to move ions against their concentration gradient. Movement from low to high concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves Na+ out of cells, moves K+ into cells. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
|
Definition
| Carrier has 2 binding sites: agonist and Na+. Energy of the Na+ gradient drives SAT. |
|
|
Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
|
Definition
| Voltage across cell membrane when the cell is not activated. Depended on concentration and permeability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depolarization: MP is less negative. Na+ channels opening, K+ channels closing.
Hyperpolarization: The MP gets more negative. K+ channels opening, Na+ channels closing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triggered by agonists or by physical force. Size potential to the size of the stimulus. Spreads adjacent areas. GP's needed to reach threshold of action potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrical signal, activated by graded potentials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| will open when membrane reaches particular voltage. Usually 15-20mV above resting potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Depolarization to Threshold
2) AP Spike
3) Repolarization
4) Hyperpolarization
5) Return to Resting Potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receive neurotransmitter from other neurons. Many branches. No action potential here. |
|
|
Term
| Myelin - Nodes of Ranvier |
|
Definition
| Cells surround axon and wrap layers of membrane. Separates senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After v-gated channels close, they are unopenable for a time. No new APs during this time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end of azon, synaptic knob, terminal button. Receive AP down axon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has receptors for NT from pre-syn neuron. Receptors connected to ion channels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT binds and Na+ channels open. Na+ enters and causes depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| K+ or Cl- channels opened by NT. Membrane potential more negative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Action Potential Starts Here. First concentration of voltage gated Na+ Channels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple synapses into a single neuron, anatomical basis for spatial summation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each axon has many synaptic knobs to other neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local hormones, Released from one cell effects nearby cell. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Hormones |
|
Definition
Hydrophilic: cannot cross the membrane. Membrane receptors.
Hydrophobic: diffuse easily into cells. Nuclear receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes release of intracellular Ca++ stores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| timing proteins. Bind GTP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry information into the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry information from the CNS to the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the CNS - more than 99% of all neurons. Perform all neural functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Star-shaped, hold neurons in proper physical positions. Control neural growth and blood vessel growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Line the brains ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Broca's Area: frontal lobe, speech formation
Wernicke's Area: in temporal lobe, comprehension of auditory/visual info. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collection of the structures on each side of the brain. Connected to each other and to cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Gate Keeper" receives sensory input from the opposite side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ring of structures, underneath cortex of cerebrum. Detects emotions and memory formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RA caused by trauma-loss of short term memory. No Long term memory formation of traumatic events. |
|
|
