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Physiology Exam 1
Stressful semester
232
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
09/09/2021

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Cards

Term
In chemical communication between cells, a ________ cell secretes a chemical messenger that binds to ________ on the ________ cell.
Definition
secretory : receptors : target
Term
The number of bound receptors on a target cell depends on what two things?
Definition
the concentration of the messenger and the concentration of receptors on the target cell
Term
What chemical messenger is released from endocrine glands into the bloodstream?
Definition
hormone
Term
A target cell will respond to a chemical messenger once that molecule has bound to a(n)
Definition
receptor
Term
The steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone are almost identical structurally. What do you predict would happen if a person had a supraphysiological level of cortisol? 
Definition
Cortisol would bind to the aldosterone receptor.
Term
Which type of chemical messenger is released into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland where it can affect target cells throughout the body?
Definition
hormone
Term
The more specific a drug is for a certain __________ type, the more specific the therapeutic actions of the drug and the fewer the side effects.
Definition
receptor
Term
What molecules are hydrophobic and can easily cross the plasma membrane?
Definition
lipophilic
Term
All the messengers in what class are derived from cholesterol?
Definition
steroids
Term
Once a steroid hormone is synthesized, it is
Definition
immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane
Term
An equilibrium exists between a hormone that is bound to a carrier protein and a free hormone such that, as the number of free hormones increases,
Definition
more free hormone will become bound to carrier proteins
Term
Lipophilic chemical messengers are poorly soluble in water. However, many of these lipophilic messengers are transported throughout the body. Their transport in blood (water) is facilitated by
Definition
carrier proteins.
Term
A half-life, in terms of a chemical messenger, refers to
Definition
the time it takes for half of the chemical messenger in the blood to be degraded.
Term
the time it takes for half of the chemical messenger in the blood to be degraded.
Definition
minutes : hours
Term
A _________ is transported in the bloodstream.
Definition
hormone
Term
Lipid-soluble molecules are not only hydrophobic but are also
Definition
lipophilic.
Term
Steroid messengers are derived from what precursor molecule?
Definition
cholesterol
Term
Steroids are released from the secretory cell by
Definition
simple diffusion.
Term
Chemical messengers derived from cholesterol fall under which of the following categories?
Definition
steroid messengers
Term
The binding of chemical messengers to receptors produces a response inside the target cell through a variety of mechanisms referred to as __________.
Definition
signal transduction
Term
Why do lipophilic hormones require carrier proteins while being transported in the blood?
Definition
because lipophilic hormones don't dissolve well in blood plasma
Term
The location of receptors on a target cell depends on the solubility of the chemical messenger. Where would the receptors for lipophilic messengers be located?
Definition
on the inside of the cell
Term
Which of the following statements best describes the release of a lipophilic messenger?
Definition
Lipophilic messengers are released immediately upon synthesis by simple diffusion.
Term
Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood ________ and bind to receptors located ________.
Definition
bound to carrier proteins : inside the target cell
Term
As a general rule, the magnitude of a target cells response to a chemical messenger depends on which three factors?
Definition
(1) the concentration of the messenger, (2) the number of receptors and, (3) the affinity of the receptor for the messenger
Term
The affinity of a receptor for its ligand is a measure of the
Definition
strength of binding between ligand and receptor.
Term
Typical responses to ________ messengers require a long time to develop because they necessitate transcription of mRNA and translation of that mRNA into a functional protein.
Definition
lipophilic
Term
As free hormones bind to their receptors and no more hormone is released from their cell of origin, the concentration of hormone bound to carrier proteins will
Definition
decrease.
Term
The strength with which a ligand (chemical messenger) will bind with a receptor is referred to as its
Definition
affinity
Term
The strength of binding between a messenger and its receptor is known as __________
Definition
affinity
Term
If the anterior pituitary is responsible for hyperthyroidism, the level of __________ will be __________ along with the levels of T3 and T4, which are the thyroid hormones; the level of TRH from the hypothalamus will be ___________.
Definition
TSH; elevated; reduced
Term

 

In a nonfunctioning adenoma of the corticotrophs, which are the cells that secrete ACTH, the CRH level will be __________, and the __________ level will be reduced.

Definition
elevated; cortisol
Term
Cushing’s disease is caused by a pituitary adenoma, resulting in an increase in blood cortisol; Cushing’s syndrome is an elevated cortisol level as the result of some other cause. If a patient has an elevated cortisol level and they are found to have a tumor of the adrenal cortex, the condition would be diagnosed as __________.
Definition
Cushing's syndrome
Term
A functioning adenoma of the lactotrophs, which are the cells that secrete prolactin, may be treated with a drug that is the same as prolactin inhibiting hormone; that drug is __________.
Definition
dopamine
Term
The anterior pituitary hormones are water-soluble peptides, therefore they _________ a carrier protein.
Definition
do not require
Term
Since the anterior pituitary hormones are water-soluble, their target cell receptors are located __________.
Definition
on the outside surface of the cell membrane
Term
A MRI is a radiological tool that best looks at soft tissues; a regular X-ray and CT scan view hard tissues better. If a physician wishes to view the pituitary gland itself, it is best to use a __________; if the physician wishes to view the sella turcica, bone encasing the pituitary gland, it is best to use the __________.
Definition
MRI: X-ray
Term
Cortisol and insulin have __________ effects on blood glucose level.
Definition
antagonistic (opposite)
Term
__________ increases the production and secretion of the hormone that regulates stress.
Definition
ACTH
Term
Pituitary microadenomas are less than 1 cm in diameter. Most functioning pituitary adenomas are microadenomas. A very small functioning microadenoma of the pituitary, that does not compress surrounding structures, maybe most likely initially treated __________.
Definition
Pharmacologically
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding secretion of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands?
Definition
the portal vein supplies both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands with blood
Term
__________ hormone stimulates the release of __________.
Definition
 CRH; ACTH
Term
Which of the following endocrine organs essentially secretes hormones from neurons?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ released from the ________.
Definition
tropic hormones : hypothalamus
Term
What ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary?
Definition
hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
Term
Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary?
Definition
prolactin inhibiting hormone
Term
Which of the following is a CORRECT example of long-loop negative feedback?
Definition
Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH.
Term
Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short-loop negative feedback?
Definition
TSH inhibits the release of TRH.
Term
What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
Definition
infundibulum
Term
What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones?
Definition
tropic hormones
Term
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Definition
oxytocin
Term
Which of the following correctly describes the way hormones are secreted from the adenohypophysis?
Definition
a tropic hormone from the hypothalamus travels through the portal vein to the adenohypophysis, where a second tropic hormone is secreted
Term
Which of the following is an example of long loop negative feedback?
Definition
Excess thyroid hormone leads to a decreased release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Term
Cortisol is often referred to as a "stress hormone" because it is secreted in response to both psychological and physical stress. This hormone also aids in blood glucose regulation. If an increase in cortisol secretion eventually leads to an increased insulin secretion, what immediate action do you think cortisol has on blood sugar?  
Definition
Cortisol acts to increase blood glucose. 
Term
Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland?
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Term
The concentration of free hormone in the blood depends on all of the following EXCEPT the
Definition
rate of receptor downregulation.
Term
What are the two classes of input that can alter the secretion of hormones?
Definition
neural signals and humoral signals
Term
he hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) onto the anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of __________.
Definition
ACTH
Term
Neural signals from stress initiate a cascade of events that culminates in the secretion of which of the following hormones?
Definition
cortisol
Term
When endocrine glands are stimulated to secrete hormones at a higher rate, the endocrine cells often become larger, and the organ as a whole becomes hypertrophied. Someone who is chronically under a lot of stress might display hypertrophy of which organ?
Definition
adrenal glands
Term
Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called
Definition
secondary secretion disorders
Term
Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol?
Definition
increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
Term
A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a functioning adenoma in the anterior pituitary causing an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?
Definition
decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
Term
An alteration within the anterior pituitary that decreases the secretion of thyroid hormone would be termed a ________ disorder.
Definition
secondary secretion
Term
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
Definition
epinephrine
Term
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
Definition
decreased insulin secretion
Term
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
Definition
heart palpitations
Term
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a “moon face.”
Definition
Cushing’s disease
Term
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
Definition
ADH (vasopressin)
Term
What is the primary action of glucocorticoids on whole-body metabolism?
Definition
increased mobilization of fuel sources
Term
There are some who suggest that one should want to keep his or her cortisol levels as low as possible as a method of managing body weight. Assuming this is possible, what would be a side effect of very low cortisol levels?
Definition
hypoglycemia
Term
What is a potential side effect of pharmacological administration of glucocorticoids?
Definition
increased incidence of infection
Term
Which of the following would NOT fit with a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome (hypersecretion of cortisol)?
Definition
dehydration
Term
To what class of hormones does cortisol belong?
Definition
glucocorticoids
Term
What is the primary hormone mediating the stress response (or general adaptation syndrome)?
Definition
cortisol
Term
What is the hypothalamic tropic hormone that regulates cortisol secretion?
Definition
corticotropin releasing hormone
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cushing's syndrome?
Definition
hypoglycemia
Term
Which of the following is NOT "triggered" by stress?
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system activation
Term
Which of the following hormones stimulates gluconeogenesis and reduces the uptake of glucose by cells, thereby increasing plasma glucose concentration?
Definition
cortisol
Term
The highest level of protein structuring that describes ricin is the __________.
Definition
quaternary level
Term
The reason that ricin is said to depurinate is that it enzymatically __________.
Definition
removes adenine, which is a purine
Term
If a medication was created that blocked ricin A from attaching to the 50S subunit ribosomal subunit, then the medication would __________.
Definition
prevent the harmful actions of ricin in the cell
Term
Ricin blocks protein synthesis at the stage of __________.
Definition
translation
Term
The 50S subunit of the ribosome contains the enzyme peptidyl transferase. This enzyme catalyzes the formation of __________ bonds between __________.
Definition
peptide; amino acids
Term
A glycoprotein is a molecule composed of a __________ covalently bonded to a __________.
Definition
carbohydrate; protein
Term
If a drug was designed to remove of all the glycoproteins and glycolipids from the cell membrane, then __________ could not bind and induce __________.
Definition
ricin B; endocytosis
Term
The main problem with a drug that removes all glycoproteins and glycolipids from the cell membrane is the cell could __________.
Definition
not be properly recognized by the immune system
Term
Antibodies targeted against ricin B, __________ other human cell components.
Definition
Term
Though ricin comprises only 5% of a castor bean, the bean __________ eaten.
Definition
should NOT be
Term
Which of the following statements is true of lipids?
Definition
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules.
Term
Based on what you know about the chemical properties of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, which of the following is an amphipathic structure?
Definition
lipoprotein
Term
Which of the following correctly describes glycogen?
Definition
It is an important storage polysaccharide found in animal tissues.
Term
Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water?
Definition
NaCl
Term
________ are molecules that form the bilayer of cell membranes and micelles.
Definition
Phospholipids
Term
The amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as a
Definition
polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that repels water.
Term
________ act(s) as the precursor to steroid molecules, many of which function as hormones.
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
The presence of ________ in the plasma membrane can inhibit crystallization.
Definition
cholesterol
Term
Which of the following is NOT found in plasma membranes?
Definition
chromatin
Term
What spherical structures are involved in the transport of nonpolar molecules through the aqueous environment and are composed of a phospholipid monolayer?
Definition
micelles
Term

 

What type of integral membrane protein spans the membrane, thereby allowing part of it to face the cytosol and another part to face the extracellular fluid?

Definition
transmembrane protein
Term
Which of the following statements best describes the plasma membrane?
Definition
The plasma membrane is a flexible and dynamic structure.
Term
Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion channels?
Definition
transmembrane proteins
Term
Lipophobic molecules that are to be released by cells are stored in membrane-bound structures called
Definition
secretory vesicles.
Term
What is the site where steroids are stored in the cell?
Definition
Steroids are lipid and will slide right through membranes; they cannot be stored in the cell.
Term
Intercellular communication can occur through the binding of a chemical released from one cell to a specific ________ on another cell
Definition
receptor
Term
Lipids synthesis is performed where?
Definition
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Term
Certain epithelial cells have a decided polarity where the ________ membrane faces the lumen of a hollow tube, whereas the ________ membrane faces the extracellular fluid.
Definition
apical : basolateral
Term
The total number of positive charges in our ICF __________.
Definition
is lower than the number of positive charges in our ECF
Term
A worker was sitting at her cubicle in the middle of a large room during her lunch break. She began peeling the orange she brought to eat. At first, only she could smell the aroma. But in a matter of minutes, those in the nearby cubicles could also smell it. After several more minutes had passed, nearly everyone in the room could smell the orange. What best explains how so many people could smell one small orange in the middle of a large room?
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
What is responsible for the unequal distribution of ions across a membrane, thereby causing a charge?
Definition
the concentration of impermeable charged molecules
Term
The chemical force for which of the following ions is directed into the cell?
Definition
both sodium and calcium
Term
Which of the following is found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside?
Definition
potassium
Term
When molecules are passively transported across a membrane, the direction of their movement is dictated by the molecule's tendency to move
Definition
from higher to lower energy.
Term
When molecules are passively transported across a membrane, the direction of their movement is dictated by the molecule's tendency to move
Definition
down its concentration gradient.
Term
Of the gradients listed below, which is the MOST accurate description of the force that ultimately determines the movement of ions across the membrane?
Definition
electrochemical gradient
Term
Molecules tend to move spontaneously ________ their chemical gradient.
Definition
down
Term
When more than one ion species (i.e., Na+ and K+) is present on both sides of the membrane, the chemical driving force acting on Na+ will include
Definition
sodium only.
Term
Which of the following is a reflection of the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane?
Definition
membrane potential
Term
Comparing intracellular to extracellular fluid, the intracellular fluid has a ________ charge relative to the outside of a cell due to the presence of more ________ inside the cell.
Definition
negative : anions
Term
The unequal distribution of charge in solutions on either side of a membrane will lead to a ________ of charge across the membrane and a ________ of counter ions in a region close to the membrane.
Definition
separation : clustering
Term
If the solutions on either side of the membrane have an unequal distribution of charged ions, with the inside having an excess of anions, then the inside of the cell would have to be
Definition
more negative, relative to the outside of the cell.
Term
As an ion moves passively across a membrane into the cell, the progressive increase in concentration within the cell will
Definition
decrease the net flux across the membrane.
Term
Based solely upon its electrical charge, the inside of a typical cell will tend to attract extracellular ________ to move inward.
Definition
cations
Term
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of the magnitude and direction of the equilibrium potential for an ion?
Definition
lipid solubility of the ion
Term
Which of the following cells would have a greater electrical attraction for sodium ions to enter the cell?
Definition
cell with membrane potential = -90 mV
Term
An anion is found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside. Which of the following statements best describes forces acting on the anion at the resting membrane potential (-70 mV)?
Definition
Both the chemical and electrical forces are directed out of the cell.
Term
Which of the following is NOT true for all three of these transport mechanisms: facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport?
Definition
The transport mechanism requires energy.
Term
All of the following solutes are found in higher concentration outside of the cell EXCEPT
Definition
proteins.
Term
All of the following solutes are found in higher concentrations inside of the cell EXCEPT
Definition
calcium.
Term
Which ion(s) have a net electrical force acting to move the ion(s) into the cell? (Assume a resting membrane potential (Vm) of -70mV.)
Definition
X+, whose [ECF] is120 mM and [ICF] is 30 mM
Term
Which ion(s) have a net chemical force acting to move the ion(s) into the cell? (assume a resting membrane potential (Vm) of -70mV)
Definition

 

Term
A beaker with a membrane is separating two solutions, initially of equal volumes. The solution on side A is 100 mM KCl while the solution on side B is 150 mM sucrose. The membrane is not permeable to ions or carbohydrates. In what way will the water move?
Definition
down its concentration gradient from side B to side A
Term
Which of the following ions is found in a higher concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment?
Definition
K+ (potassium)
Term
Which of the following situations might cause the rate of diffusion of a substance to slow down?
Definition
increased membrane thickness
Term

 

Of the four factors which affect the permeability of cell membranes to molecules that cross by simple diffusion, which of the following has the strongest influence on permeability?

Definition
lipid solubility
Term
Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
Definition
greater number of protein carriers
Term
Which of the following pairs of characteristics is more likely to make a substance diffuse through the cell membrane?
Definition
small, non-polar molecule
Term
Oxygen diffuses from blood into cells down its concentration gradient. As cells become more active and oxidative phosphorylation increases in the cell, which of the following occurs?
Definition
The concentration gradient for oxygen increases and oxygen movement into the cell increases.
Term
The diffusion rate is
Definition
the speed at which diffusion takes place.
Term
One way that membrane surface area is increased in absorptive cells is through increasing the ________ of the apical membrane.
Definition
folding
Term
Which of the following will NOT increase the net flux of an ion across a membrane?
Definition
reduced surface area
Term
Molecules with a relatively high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane
Definition
directly through the lipid bilayer.
Term
Which of the following molecules is LEAST likely to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
Definition
disaccharide
Term
Which of the following refers to the number of molecules that cross the membrane in a given length of time?
Definition
flux
Term
If a person sprays air freshener into a room, the fragrance will eventually reach your nose, even in the absence of air currents. Which of the following best describes this process?
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
Which of the following statements is true of passive transport of solutes across the plasma membrane?
Definition
The direction of solute movement is determined by the concentration gradient of the solute.
Term
In facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins will be more likely to bind with solute molecules __________.
Definition
where they are in greatest concentration, regardless of which side of the membrane the concentration is highest
Term
 In facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins will be more likely to bind with solute molecules __________. 
Definition
where they are in greatest concentration 
Term
Which of the following statements is true of carriers found in the plasma membrane?
Definition
Carriers are membrane-bound proteins that transport molecules across a membrane.
Term
Which of the following transport mechanisms is passive?
Definition
movement of sodium through ion channels
Term
A carrier is a transmembrane protein that moves molecules across the membrane through
Definition
conformational changes in its protein shape.
Term
In general, the molecules that move through specific carrier proteins are determined by which of the following?
Definition
the unique fit to binding sites on the channel or carrier protein
Term
In facilitated diffusion, a molecule is moved
Definition

 

Term
Most water molecules that cross the plasma membrane do so by
Definition
diffusion through aquaporins.
Term
The transport of two substances across a membrane in the same direction is known as __________.
Definition
cotransport
Term
Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy?
Definition
both primary and secondary active transport
Term
Transporting a substance against its concentration gradient requires
Definition
a transporter that uses energy.
Term
In active transport, the affinity of the carrier protein for the molecule being transported is greater on which side of the membrane?
Definition
on the side where the molecule is in lower concentration
Term
During cotransport of glucose with sodium, sodium increases the affinity of the carrier molecule for glucose when the binding site is facing which side?
Definition
the extracellular fluid
Term
When the Na+/ K+ pump moves its bound molecules of Na+ to the outside of the membrane, it
Definition

cannot return to the inside empty-handed, so it must bind two K+ first.

 

Term
The first step of the Na+/ K+ pump's activity involves the binding of which of the following?
Definition
3 Na+ to their binding site on the inside of the cell
Term
The hydrolysis of ATP on the Na+/ K+ pump results in
Definition
a conformational change that exposes the Na+ binding site to the outside of the cell.
Term
Na+ is released from its binding site on the Na+/ K+ pump as a result of the
Definition
conformational change decreasing the affinity of the Na+ binding site.
Term
If a cell becomes damaged and is temporarily unable to produce ATP, what is the likely outcome with respect to H2O?
Definition
cellular swelling, as water follows Na+ into the cell
Term
In secondary active transport with sodium, which of the following is FALSE?
Definition
The molecule being transported moves down its electrochemical gradient.
Term
Which of the following statements about glucose cotransport with sodium is TRUE?
Definition
Glucose and sodium both move into the cell.
Term
The concentration of an anion inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of this anion outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more of this ion inside the cell?
Definition
active transport
Term
The Na+/ K+ pump transports in which directions and what amounts per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed?
Definition
3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed
Term
Why are primary active transporters many times called ATPases?
Definition
They act as enzymes to release energy from ATP.
Term
What is the primary role for the Na+/ K+ pump?
Definition

 

Term
Insulin triggers the insert of what protein into the cell membrane of its target cell?
Definition
GLUT4
Term
Which of the following characteristics of active transport is INCORRECT?
Definition
The direction of the net flux is down the electrochemical gradient.
Term
A 300 mOsm cell is placed in a 200 mOsm solution. The solute particles inside the cell are the same as those outside the cell, all of which are permeant to the membrane. Determine the new osmolarity of the ICF.
Definition
250 mOsm
Term
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding mechanisms of water transport?
Definition
Water is actively absorbed by the digestive system.
Term
What effect does uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have on blood osmolarity?
Definition
It increases it, causing a hyperosmotic state compared to normal.
Term
The flow of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient is called
Definition
osmosis.
Term
A membrane permeable to water separates a chamber into two compartments: A and B. Compartment A contains a 10 mM solution of non-permeating solute, whereas compartment B contains a 40 mM solution of non-permeating solute. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Definition
Water will move from side A to B, but solute will not move.
Term
A cell with normal tonicity is placed in a 200 mM NaCl solution. This solution is ________ and the cell will ________.
Definition
hypertonic : shrink
Term
If a solution contains 0.1 M glucose along with 0.15 M NaCl, what is the osmolarity of this solution?
Definition
400 mOsm
Term
If solution 1 (0.1 M glucose and 0.15 M NaCl) and solution 2 (0.4 M glucose) are separated by a membrane, then solution 1 is ________ relative to solution 2.
Definition
iso-osmotic
Term
If there is a difference in osmolarity between a cell and its environment, water will move ________ its osmotic pressure gradient.
Definition
up
Term
The osmotic pressure of a solution is a(n)
Definition
indirect measure of its solute concentration.
Term
A cell is placed into a solution that has the same osmolarity. However, one of the solutes in the solution is able to move across the membrane (the cell does not contain this solute). After a period of time, the solution into which the cell was placed would become
Definition
hypotonic.
Term
When white blood cells are called to an area of infection, not only is there phagocytosis taking place, but also exocytosis of undigested particles from the white blood cells into the interstitial space. What effect does this have on water in the surrounding cells and capillary plasma?
Definition
It creates a hypertonic environment, drawing water from the surrounding cells and plasma.
Term
Which of the following solutions bathing a red blood cell would be considered isotonic?
Definition
a solution containing 100 mM MgCl2
Term
Which condition exists when there are more solutes present in a solution?
Definition
There is a lower concentration of water in that solution.
Term
If there is 0.2 M glucose along with 0.15 M NaCl in solution, what is the osmolarity of this solution?
Definition
500 mOsm
Term
If a 300 mOsm cell (10 mOsm of which are from the membrane permeable molecule urea) is placed into 300 mOsm solution containing no urea, what will happen to the cell?
Definition
shrink (shrivel)
Term
The flow of water across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient is known as __________.
Definition
osmosis
Term
In which of the following situations would exocytosis be the proper mechanism of membrane transport?
Definition
secretion of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is a water-soluble amine molecule
Term
Secretory vesicles are a part of what transport mechanism?
Definition
exocytosis
Term
Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy?
Definition

 

Term
Which of the following transport mechanisms has no energy requirement?
Definition
osmosis through aquaporins
Term
Which of the following solutions bathing a red blood cell would be considered hypotonic?
Definition
a solution containing 200 mOsm NaCl
Term
Which the following descriptions would be an example of exocytosis?
Definition
acetylcholine released from a neuron
Term
When you put lotion on dry skin, you are trying to __________ the waters and lipids present in the lotion across your skin (an epithelial membrane).
Definition
absorb
Term
Epithelial cells are polarized with different structures at either end of the cell. The portion of the membrane that faces the lumen is called the ________ membrane.
Definition
apical
Term
The extent of ion movement through the ________ space between epithelial cells is determined by the extent of ________ coupling between neighboring epithelial cells.
Definition
paracellular : tight junctional
Term
The movement of a number of molecules across the apical surface of the epithelial cell by secondary transporters is coupled to the ________ gradient that is maintained by the ________ on the basolateral surface of the epithelial cell.
Definition
Na+ : Na+/ K+pump
Term
When solute is actively transported across epithelium, what usually follows?
Definition
water movement in the same direction
Term
In epithelial tissue, the cells are linked together by ________, which prevent paracellular movement from lumen to extracellular fluid.
Definition
tight junctions
Term
In epithelial tissue, the portion of the plasma membrane facing the lumen is called the ________membrane. The portion of the plasma membrane facing the connective tissue/interstitial fluid is called the ________membrane.
Definition

 

Term
In epithelial transport, movement from the internal environment to the external environment is called ________, whereas movement from the external environment to the internal environment is called ________.
Definition
secretion : absorption
Term
Which of the following is true about osmosis?
Definition
Osmosis is the flow of water across a plasma membrane.
Term
The location of receptors on a target cell depends on the solubility of the chemical messenger. Where would the receptors for lipophilic messengers be located?
Definition
on the inside of the cell
Term
As a general rule, the magnitude of a target cell's response to a chemical messenger depends on which three factors?
Definition
(1) the concentration of the messenger, (2) the number of receptors, and (3) the affinity of the receptor for the messenger
Term
When people cut themselves, they have clotting factors in their blood that will be released continuously in a cascade until their blood clots and terminates the bleeding. What mechanism caused their blood to clot?
Definition
positive feedback control
Term
Which statement below lists the essential components of a feedback loop and describes their function?
Definition
Sensor detects a regulated variable; set point is the value of the regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sends it to the appropriate effector; effector alters the regulated variable.
Term
Which of the following would increase the rate of facilitated diffusion?
Definition
increasing the steepness of the concentration gradient
Term
What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones?
Definition
tropic hormones
Term
Active processes ________.
Definition
move substances against (up) a concentration and/or electrical gradient
Term
Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid?
Definition
rich in proteins and potassium
Term
Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
Definition
greater number of protein carriers
Term
In general, the molecules that move through specific carrier proteins are determined by which of the following?
Definition
the unique fit to binding sites on the channel or carrier protein
Term
This adrenal cortex hormone is involved in regulation of salt and water balance.
Definition
aldosterone
Term
Which of the following can be true of both active transport and facilitated diffusion?
Definition
Lipid-insoluble solutes can be transported and a carrier protein is required.
Term
If solution 1 (0.1 M glucose and 0.15 M NaCl) and solution 2 (0.4 M glucose) are separated by a membrane, then solution 1 is ________ relative to solution 2.
Definition
iso-osmotic
Term
Which of the following statements about carrier proteins is FALSE?
Definition
They assist in simple diffusion.
Term
Which of these anterior pituitary hormones regulates the activity of the cortex region of the adrenal gland?
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Term
Molecules with a relatively high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane
Definition
directly through the lipid bilayer.
Term
The Na+/ K+ pump transports in which directions and what amounts per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed?
Definition
3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed
Term
A carrier is a transmembrane protein that moves molecules across the membrane through
Definition
conformational changes in its protein shape.
Term
As an ion moves passively across a membrane into the cell, the progressive increase in concentration within the cell will
Definition
decrease the net flux across the membrane.
Term
Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule?
Definition
integral membrane protein
Term
As the concentration of receptors on the cell membrane decreases, the response of the target cell will
Definition
decrease.
Term
If there is 0.2 M glucose along with 0.15 M NaCl in solution, what is the osmolarity of this solution?
Definition
500 mOsm
Term
Which of the following is a reflection of the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane?
Definition
membrane potential
Term
Which condition exists when there are more solutes present in a solution?
Definition
There is a lower concentration of water in that solution.
Term
How does insulin increase cellular uptake of glucose?
Definition
causing GLUT4 to be incorporated into the plasma membrane of some cells
Term
Tropic hormones ________.
Definition
stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
Term
Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, and that information is sent to the integrator.
Definition
regulated variable : sensor
Term
The component of a control system that provides the means for the control center's response (output) is called the ________.
Definition
effector
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