Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Physiology Exam 1
N/A
60
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
02/20/2013

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Organ Systems
Definition
Circulatory, Respiratory, Urinary, Integumentary, Immune, Nervous, Endocrine, Muscular, Skeletal, Digestive, Reproductive
Term
Feed forward mechanism
Definition
Body systems prepare for a stimulus in anticipation of a particular sensor. (ie smell pizza - create stomach acid)
Term
Levels of structural organization
Definition
Atomic, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
Term
Common elements in the human body
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen
Term
Isotope
Definition
Form of an element with different numbers of neutrons
Term
Body's pH
Definition
7.4
Term
Amino acid structure
Definition
Amino group, Carbon, Hydrogen, Carboxyl group, Functional group (R)
Term
Cholesterol's role in the Plasma Membrane
Definition
Flexibility, permeability, and signaling
Term
Components of the "Reflex Arc"
Definition
stimulus, sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration, motor neuron, effector, response
Term
Eloctrolyte
Definition
The ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter
Term
Colloid
Definition
a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance
Term
Suspension
Definition
a mixture containing solid particles (usually larger than 1 micrometer), dispersed through agitation, if left undisturbed they will settle as sedimentation
Term
Denature
Definition
Having been altered in natural quality, losing some of its original properties
Term
Orbital
Definition
Shell in which electrons move around the nucleus
Term
Valence
Definition
Refers to the atoms outermost orbital and the electrons it contains
Term
Ions that affect pH
Definition
Hydrogen ion H+ and hydroxide ion OH-
Term
Amino Acid chemical formula
Definition
C H N O (S)
Term
Carbohydrate chemical formula
Definition
C6 H12 O6
Term
Polymers (in the body) define / examples
Definition
Giant molecules made up of small parts, ex. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
Term
Monomer
Definition
A molecule that may bind chemically with other molecules to form a polymer
Term
Monomer component of a Carbohydrate
Definition
Monosaccaride
Term
Monomer component of a Protein
Definition
Amino Acid
Term
Monomer component of a Lipid
Definition
Glycerol + Fatty Acid
Term
Monomer component of a Nucleic Acid
Definition
Nucleotide
Term
Major functions of Proteins
Definition
Structure (ex. keratin, collagen), and Metabolism (ex. enzymes)
Term
Major function of Carbohydrates
Definition
Short term energy source, stored as glycogen in the liver for approximately 24
Term
Major function of Lipids
Definition
Long term energy storage for the body
Term
Major function of Nucleic Acids
Definition
Store and transmit genetic code to direct cells' protein production
Term
Examples of Carbohydrates
Definition
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose, lactose, etc.
Term
Types of Lipids
Definition
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
Fats and oils
Term
What common attribute do all Lipids have?
Definition
They are insoluble in polar solvents such as water
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
Amphipathic molecule that makes up the majority of the cell membrane structure
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
Lipid molecule responsible for a variety of regulatory functions
Term
Primary Protein structure
Definition
Polypeptide strand
Term
Secondary Protein structure
Definition
(alpha) Helix or (beta) Pleated sheet
Term
Tertiary Protein structure
Definition
(alpha) Helix structure bends and folds in upon itself forming a complex three dimensional shape
Term
Quarternary Protein structure
Definition
Multiple polypeptide chains in a covalently bonded three dimensional structure
Term
[image]
Definition
Peptide bond
Term
What is it that makes the structure of proteins so diverse?
Definition
The 20 different amino acid subunits
Term
What are the differences between DNA and RNA
Definition
DNA is a double neucleotide strand where as RNA is single, DNA has the sugar deoxyribose RNA has ribose, DNA has Thymine RNA has Uracil
Term
Integral protein
Definition
Proteins that span the cell membrane
Term
Peripheral protein
Definition
Protein that is partially embedded in one face of the cell membrane
Term
Why is compartmentalization important in eukaryotic cells?
Definition
Different functions require different environments, allows cells to grow more, allows for specialization
Term
Glycoprotein major function
Definition
Cell to cell interaction or recognition
Term
Reduction
Definition
When a molecule obtains additional electrons
Term
Oxidation
Definition
When a molecule gives up electrons in a reaction
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
Organic compounds derived from vitamins,carriers of certain entities for a chemical reaction
Term
Cofactors
Definition
Inorganic molecules that either are necessary for catalysis or speed it up
Term
Law of mass action
Definition
Reaction rates are proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances
Term
Chemical equilibrium
Definition
Balance point in a chemical reaction where the reactant concentration is proportional to the product, no further net gain will occur
Term
How does ATP produce energy for the cell?
Definition
By breaking its third high-energy phosphate bond
Term
[image]
Definition
General Metabolic Pathway
Term
[image]
Definition

Branched Metabolic Pathway

Two or more enzymes can work on the same substrate at the branch point of the pathway, catalyzing two or more different reactions

Term
[image]
Definition

End Product Inhibition

Final product inhibits the branch enzyme, resulting in increased production from alternate pathway

Term
[image]
Definition

Inborn Error Of Metabolism

Defective gene produces a defective enzyme, may result in metabolic disease

Term
Glycolysis
Definition
The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm, begins the process of energy production in the cell, results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, and 4ATP or a net of 2 ATP after the use of 2 ATP to begin the process, ATP made directly
Term
What happens to pyruvic acid under aerobic / anaerobic conditions?
Definition

Aerobic- Continues on the the citric acid cycle and then on the the electron transport chain

Anaerobic- Pyruvic acid becomes Lactic acid and is recycled

Term
Electron Transport System
Definition
Process that occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen as final electron receptor, produces the majority of the ATP in aerobic respiration, uses oxidative phosphorylation
Supporting users have an ad free experience!