Term
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Definition
| The dynamic process with continuous adjustments being made to maintain the variables in a range that is required for life |
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Term
| Who first coined the term "homeostasis"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who recognized the preservation of the stability of the "internal mileu" was essential for life? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three types of control systems |
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Definition
| Negative feedback, positive feedback, feed forward |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions to changes in the physiological variable to cause the variable to return to normal values |
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Term
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Definition
| What measures the value of the controlled variable and sends this information to the integrator |
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Term
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Definition
| What detects the difference between the set point and actual value of the variable |
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Term
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Definition
| The pathway that carries information from the integrator to the effector |
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Term
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Definition
| The pathway that sends information from the sensor to the integrator |
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Term
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Definition
| Ideal value of the controlled variable |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is a deviation of the controlled variable from the set point, the integrator sends a signal to the effector to move the controlled variable farther away from the set point |
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Term
| Give three examples of positive feedback |
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Definition
| Action potentials, parturition (birth), shock |
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Term
| Define feedforward control system |
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Definition
| Responds in anticipation of a change |
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Term
| Give an example of a feedforward system |
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Definition
| Secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas during chewing |
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Term
| What percentage of body fluid is intracellular, and what percentage is extracellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of ECF? |
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Definition
| Interstitial fluid (80%) and plasma (20%) |
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Term
| Define interstitial fluid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid in blood that does not include fluid inside blood cells |
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Term
| What is the intracellular concentration of sodium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the intracellular concentration of potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the intracellular concentration of calcium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the intracellular concentration of magnesium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the intracellular concentration of chloride? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the extracellular concentration of sodium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the extracellular concentration of potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the extracellular concentration of calcium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the extracellular concentration of magnesium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the extracellular concentration of chloride? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the plasma concentration of sodium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the plasma concentration of potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the plasma concentration of calcium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the plasma concentration of magnesium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the plasma concentration of chloride? |
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Definition
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Term
| What value is intracellular pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What value is extracellular pH? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| List five functions of membranes |
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Definition
1. Regulate passage
2. Detect chemical messengers
3. Self-recognition
4. Link cells to extracellular matrix
5. Link adjacent cells with membrane junctions |
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Term
| How thick is the bilayer of lipids in a membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of body weight is water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define amphipathic and give an example |
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Definition
| Molecules that have a polar and a nonpolar region; phospholipids |
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Term
| What part of a phospholipid is polar? |
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Definition
| The head group, so it interacts with water |
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Term
| What part of a phospholipid is nonpolar? |
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Definition
| The fatty acid groups, so they form the inner leaflets |
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Term
| Is cholesterol polar or nonpolar? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what type of membranes is cholesterol found? |
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Definition
| In plasma membranes, but not organelle membranes |
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Term
| What is the purpose of cholesterol in a membrane? |
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Definition
| To affect fluidity (it stiffens the membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins inserted into the lipid bilayer and many of them span the membrane. They cannot be removed from the membrane without disrupting the membrane structure. |
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Term
| Define peripheral protein |
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Definition
| Proteins loosely bound to the membrane and will associate and dissociate from the membrane. |
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Term
| What side of the membrane are most peripheral proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carbohydrates are found in the membrane? |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins and glycolipids |
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Term
| Which side of the membrane does glycosylation usually occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
| To show that proteins and lipids in a membrane can move laterally. Proteins can move across the membrane easily while lipids cannot. |
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Term
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Definition
| A junction that encircles cells and joins adjacent cells. The junction forms a barrier against paracellular movement. |
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Term
| Where are tight junctions found? |
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Definition
| Epithelial cells that regulate the passage of substances into the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that form channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass between cells |
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Term
| Where are gap junctions found? |
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Definition
| In cardiac and smooth muscle where they are involved in conducting electrical activity rapidly between cells |
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Term
| What is the difference between passive and active transport? |
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Definition
| Passive transport does not require external energy, and solutes move across the membrane down their concentration gradient. Active transport requires external energy, and solutes move across the membrane against their concentration gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of molecules by random thermal motion, always ends up going down electrochemical gradient |
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Term
| What changes the rate of diffusion? |
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Definition
| Concentration gradient, temperature, mass of solute, surface area, state of matter |
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Term
| What types of molecules move through membranes easily? |
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Definition
| Small, uncharged molecules, esp. gases |
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Term
| Why are many drugs weak acids or weak bases? |
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Definition
| Only the unionized (attached to H) form can diffuse through membranes. Therefore, the ability of drugs to diffuse into cells is affected by the pH of the extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Integral membrane proteins, always open that allows solutes to pass through from either side. |
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Term
| Give an example of a pore |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a pore and a channel? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger, including neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrines and drugs. |
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Term
| What are the three types of channels? |
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Definition
| Ligand-gated, voltage gated, and mechanosensitive |
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Term
| When do voltage-gated channels open? |
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Definition
| When membrane potential changes |
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Term
| What is another name for a mechanoreceptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define mechanosensitive channel |
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Definition
| changes in the shape of the plasma membrane (e.g. stretch) activate the channels. These channels are involved in multiple sensory systems including touch, sensing blood pressure and osmolarity. |
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Term
| What determines the selectivity of a channel? |
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Definition
| Size and charge of an ion |
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Term
| Define facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| Carrier proteins transport large nonpolar molecules, passive |
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Term
| Give some examples of facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| Glucose in red blood cells/skeletal muscle/heart, urea in the kidneys |
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Term
| Compare the transport rates of pores, channels, and carrier proteins |
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Definition
| Pores are fastest (always open), then channels, and carriers are slowest because they use transport cycles |
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