Term
| What are Amphipathic Molecules? |
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Definition
| Molecules that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts |
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Term
| What are some important roles of Amphipathic Molecules? |
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Definition
Digestion of lipid – bile acids (salts)
Transport of lipids in the blood
Functions and mechanisms of the pulmonary surfactants
Cell membrane structure
Absorption of lipids
Entry of steroids into cells |
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Term
| Membrane proteins serve as ______, ______, _______, and ___________. |
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Definition
| Pumps, Enzymes, Receptors, energy transducers |
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Term
| What is the primary impediment to the simple diffusion of ions and most molecules across the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| The central core of the bilayer, composed of hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains |
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Term
| What acts as a physical barrier btwn the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Living organism are what % by weight? 20%, 40%, 70%, 90% |
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Definition
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Term
| What is water located in the body? |
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Definition
67% in the cells (intracellualr)
33% outside cells (20% vascular fluid blood plasma/80% tissue-fluid in extracellular matrix) |
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Term
| What is ground substance? |
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Definition
| gel-like hydrated substance in ECM that has glycoproteins (integrins) and proteoglycans |
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Term
| What type of molecules can enter the cells through simple diffusion? |
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Definition
| gases (O2, N2, CO2), small-uncharged polar molecules (water, ethanol) |
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Term
| What types of molecule can only pass through cell membrance though carrier mediated transport? |
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Definition
| Large uncharged polar molecule (glucose), Ions (Ca2+, Cl-) Charged polar molecules (aa's, nucleic acids, ATP) |
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Term
| In aqueous solutions, the Solvent is ____________; Solute is ___________ |
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Definition
| the water; the stuff that's dissolved |
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Term
| three conditions for osmosis |
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Definition
| 1) membrane must be selectively permeable to H20 2) concentration gradient 3) solute must be osmotically active (membrnace nearly impermeable to solute) |
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Term
| What is osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
| Force needed to counteract osmosis (more solute more OP) |
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Term
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Definition
| moles of solute per liter of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| moles of solute per KG of solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of all molalities of all solutes in solutio |
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Term
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Definition
| higher concentration inside membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| lower concentration inside membrane |
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Term
| Classes of membrane proteins by protein type |
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Definition
| 1) pumps 2) carriers 3) channels |
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Term
| Classes of membrane proteins by charateristics |
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Definition
| 1) specificity 2) competition 3) saturation |
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Term
| Classes of membrane proteins by enery |
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Definition
| passive (all channels, some carriers) Active (all pumps, some carriers) |
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Term
| what are the two categories of active transporters? |
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Definition
| 1) primary (all pumps) 2) secondary (symporters/antiporters)rely on graidents established by primary pumps |
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Term
| In the NA/K-ATPase/sodium pumps, ___ Na+ ions are moved ___ of the cell and ___ K+ ion are moved ___ of the cell for every ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how Na/Glucose cotransporter is a secondary active tranporter |
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Definition
| It couples the uphill movement of glucose with the downhill movement of Na+ |
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Term
| What are the K+ and Na+ equlibrium potentials? Cl-? |
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Definition
| Ek=-90 mV KNa= +66mV; Kcl=-70mV |
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Term
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Definition
E(x)=(61/z)*log(Xoutside/Xinside)
z=valence |
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Term
| what values does the actual value of the resting membrance potential depnd on? |
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Definition
1) ratio of concetration out/in
2) specific permeability of the membrane to each differenation |
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Term
| What is the range for most resting membrane potention for most cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Things determining flow of ions |
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Definition
| 1) membrane potential 2) nerst potential 3) charge of ion |
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Term
| autocrine signaling (local) |
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Definition
| same cells sends and recieves |
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Term
| paracrine (local) signaling |
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Definition
| two dfferent cells send and recieve |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized, neuron releases from terminals to target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| release of chemicals thru bblood supply to target cell |
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Term
| how do target cells repond to chemical signals? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 ypes of receptor proteins? |
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Definition
| Ligand gated channel-linked, enzyme linked, GPCR, intracelluar |
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Term
| if the nerst potential is more negative than resting potential, moves in |
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Definition
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Term
| depolarization Na+ flows in, K+ flows out |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary projection neuron of cerebral cortex; releases NT __________ |
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Definition
| pyramidal cell, glutamate |
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Term
| dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway |
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Definition
| Midbrain to Basal ganglia |
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Term
| dysfunction of the dopaminergic Nigrostriatal system of the ___________ can lead to __________ i.e. ____________ |
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Definition
| Midbrain, motor control mess up, Parkinsons |
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Term
| Schizophrinia is associated with what? |
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Definition
| Disfunction of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system that is responsisble for addiction/reward behaviors |
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Term
| Describe the biogenic amine hypothesis and what it applies to |
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Definition
| A theory of depression mechanism in which prevention of the transport of monoamines into presynaptic vesicles =depression |
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Term
| What is the main difference in long term potenation |
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Definition
| elevated Ca concentration post synaptic |
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Term
| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| possible because of Leaky K+ channels |
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Term
| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| due to inactive Na+ channel |
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Term
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Definition
| area of neuron where action potential occurs |
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Term
| Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that targets |
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Definition
| the myelinated axons of the central nervous system |
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Term
| What is the primary impediment to the simple diffusion of ions and most molecules across the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| C. The central core of the bilayer, composed of hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains. |
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Term
| Molecular oxygen (O2) crosses cell membranes by: |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________________ solution exerts more osmotic pressure than a 200 millimolar NaCl solution |
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Definition
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Term
| All ____________ are passive transport proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which statement is true for both symporters and antiporters |
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Definition
| At least one solute moves against its chemical (or electrochemical) gradient across the membrane |
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Term
| n order for the sodium/glucose cotransporter to function properly, it relies on the _________________ established & maintained by the Na+/K+-ATPase. |
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Definition
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Term
| The sodium pump contributes slightly to the resting membrane potential because: |
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Definition
| it moves one net positive charge out for each ATP hydrolyzed. |
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Term
| The typical charge gradient that exists across our cell membranes at rest: |
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Definition
| is characterized by excess negative charges in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| The resting membrane potential across our cells is very close to EK primarily due to: |
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Definition
| A. “leaky” K channels which are open at rest. |
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Term
| Assume that for a mammalian cell, the concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid is 150 mM and the concentration of Na+ in the cytosol is 10 mM. What is the Nernst potential for sodium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Consider a novel anion, X2-, which is differentially distributed across our plasma membranes. Assuming a Nernst potential, EX, of –50 mV and a resting membrane potential of –70 mV, in which direction would net X2- movement occur if X-specific channels suddenly opened in the membrane? |
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Definition
| Net X2- would move from the cytosol to the extracellular space |
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Term
| When ligand initially binds to a G-protein-coupled receptor, which of the following downstream events occurs first? |
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Definition
| The alpha subunit of the G-protein expels GDP and binds GTP |
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Term
| _________ carry information from the PNS to the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| The terms “ganglia” and “nuclei” decribe: |
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Definition
| collections of neuronal cell bodies within the PNS and CNS, respectively |
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Term
| T/F Purkinje cells are a type of glial (or “support”) cell within the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that targets: |
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Definition
| the myelinated axons of the central nervous system |
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Term
| The ________ is the region of a neuron where action potentials are initiated. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a mammalian cell membrane were made suddenly permeable to Ca2+, what would happen |
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Definition
| Net calcium influx (inward movement) would lead to a depolarization |
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Term
| The sodium and potassium channels of the action potential ______ upon depolarization of the membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| The “fast” sodium channel is different from the “slow” potassium channel in that |
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Definition
| the K+ channel has only one voltage-dependent gate whereas the Na+ channel has two |
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Term
| Why does the relative refractory period occur? |
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Definition
| occurs because some voltage-gated K+ channels are still open |
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Term
| Which of the following can increase the conduction velocity of an axon |
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Definition
Increased diameter of the axon
Myelination of the axon |
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Term
| The ___________________ is the specialized region of contact between two communicating neurons. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not an event associated with the process of neurotransmission?
A. An action potential arriving at the presynaptic nerve terminal causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open.
B. Massive calcium influx into the presynaptic nerve terminal leads to activation of calmodulin.
C. Synaptic vesicles rapidly fuse with the presynaptic plasma membrane.
D. Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the presynaptic nerve terminal.
E. Receptor proteins on the postsynaptic cell specifically bind neurotransmitter molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?
A. glutamate
B. aspartate
C. glutamine
D. glycine
E. acetylcholine |
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Definition
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Term
| How are Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors similar? |
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Definition
| both bind extracellular acetylcholine |
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Term
| What is not a whole-brain imaging technique? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________________ are the only projection neurons originating from the cortex of the cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
| NMDA-receptors are different from AMPA-receptors in that E. NMDA-receptors ______ _______ ____ to move into the cell whereas AMPA-receptors __ ___ |
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Definition
| allow calcium ions; do not |
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Term
| The fundamental mechanism by which NMDA-receptor activation initiates LTP (long-term potentiation) is via: |
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Definition
| elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations in the post-synaptic cell |
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Term
| The molecular weight of KCl (potassium chloride) is 75 g/mol. You’d like to make 0.5 liters of a 0.2 M aqueous solution of KCl. How much KCl must you add? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary projection neuron of the cerebral cortex is called a(n) _________________; these neurons release the neurotransmitter ________________. |
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Definition
| pyramidal cell; glutamate |
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Term
| What are three components in any given cells? |
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Definition
Intracelluar space
Extracelluar space
Cell membrane |
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Term
| Extracelluar space contains: |
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Definition
| water, carbs, and protiens |
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