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Another name for skin which is the largest organ in the body
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There are six primary functions of the skin.
They are protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretion, and absorption |
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| Provides protection fro the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair |
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| Is the protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat and water that form a hydrolipidic film to protect the skin from drying out and from exposure to external factors |
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| Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) |
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| The water loss caused by evaporation on the skin's surface |
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Are protective oils that make up the intercellular cement between epidermal walls
Lipids contribute to the barrier function of the epidermis
Lipids are reduced if the skin is dry, damaged or mature. |
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| Guard Cells that sense unrecognized foreign invaders such as bacteria |
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| The immune cells that protect us from infection |
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| The pigment that protects us from the sun |
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| An oil-water balance on the skin's surface |
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| The muscle that contracts and causes "goose bumps" |
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| Sudoriferous (Sweat Glands) |
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| Excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals through the pores |
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| Hair and hairless follicles with oil glands attached to them |
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| Openings for sweat glands |
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| Percentage of Water in the skin |
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50 to 70 percent
Sebum coating the surface of the skin slows down the evaporation of water also known as TEWL |
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the skin absorbs oxygen and discharges carbon dioxide
Absorption occurs through the cells, follicles and pores of the skin |
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| The outermost layer of the skin. It is thin protective covering with many nerve endings. The epidermis is composed of 5 layers called strata |
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The top outermost layer of the epidermis the esthetician is primarily concerned with this layer. This layer is very thin and is waterproof, permeable and regenerates itself.
It is also referred to as the horny layer or cell because of the scale like cells |
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| Cells composed of Keratin |
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Fiber protein that provides resiliency and protection to the skin.
Keratin is found in all layers of the epidermis |
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The shedding of keratinocyte cells.
The average cell turnover rate is every 28 days or longer depending on age
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| The structures that assist in strengthening and holding cells together. Also found here are squamous cells (flat cells) that protect other layers |
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A clear layer under the stratum corneum. It is a translucent layer made of small cells that let light pass through.
This layer is found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. |
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| This layer is composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin. The production of keratin and intercellular lipids takes place here. As these cells became keratinized, they move to the surface and replace the cells shed from the stratum corneum |
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| Also known as the basal layer of the epidermis. It is the live layer of the epidermis located above the papillary layer of the dermis It is the lowest layer of the epidermis |
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| Cells that produce melanin |
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The live layer of connective tissues below the epidermis
The dermis consists of two layers:
The papillary layer
The reticulary layer |
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| Connects the dermis to the epidermis forming the epidermal-dermal junction. |
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| Membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis. |
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| Small cone-shaped structures at the bottom of hair follicles |
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The deeper layer of the dermis. It is comprised of the base of hair follicles, glands, blood and lymph vessels, nerve endings, collage and elastin.
This layer supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients. |
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A protein substance that gives skin it's strength and is necessary for wound healing.
Collagen is produced by fibroblasts
Collagen makes up 70 percent of the dermis |
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| Cells that aid in the production of collagen and elastin |
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The fibrous protein that forms elastic tissue and gives skin its elasticity
Damage to these fibers are the primary cause of sagging, wrinkles and aging-loss of elasticity
Stretch marks are caused by damaged elastin |
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| Hydrating fluids found in the skin |
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The layer below the reticular layer. It is composed of adipose and subcutis tissue. This tissue creates a protective cushion that gives ocntour and smoothness to the body.
The subcutis layer below the skin decreases with age. Fat storage is also influenced by hormones. |
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| An appendage of the skin-it is slender, threadlike outgrowth of the skin and scalp. There is no feeling in the hair due to the absence of nerves. |
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| Also an appendage of the skin. The nail is composed of hard keratin. Onyx is the technical term for the nail. |
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| Send messages to the brain to react to heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch |
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| Dispersed to the sweat and oil glands. They regulate excretion from the sweat glands and control sebum output to the surface of the skin |
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| Cells that produce pigment granules in the basal layer. These granules are called melanosomes. |
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| A complex protein that determines skin and hair color. Melanin is produced by exposure to sunlight and protects the cells below by absorbing UV rays |
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| Melanin which is red to yellow in color. People with light colored skin mostly produce pheomelanin |
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| Melanin that is dark brown to black. People with dark colored skin mostly produce eumelanin |
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| Products that suppress melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes. Some are called tyrosinase inhibitors. |
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| The enzyme involved in melanin production |
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Connected to the hair follicles and produce oil which protects the surface of the skin. Glandular sacs open into the follicles through ducts. If these ducts are clogged comedones (blackheads) are formed.
Sebaceous glands are larger on the face and scalp. |
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| Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands) |
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| Regulate body temp and eliminate waste products by excreting sweat. They have a coiled base and duct openings at the surface known as pores. |
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| Coiled structures attached to the hair follicles found under the arms and in the genital area. Their secretions are released through the oil glands. More active during emotional changes. Odors are due to the interaction between secretions and bacteria ono the surface of the skin naturally. |
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| Found all over the body primarily on the forehead, palms and soles. These glands are not connected to hair follicles. These glands are more active when the body is subjected to physical activity and high temps. Eccrine sweat does not produce an offensive odor. |
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| Skin Health and Aging are both influenced by many different factors, including heredity, sun exposure, the environment, health habits and general lifestyle |
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| Blood and Lymph are the fluids that nourish the skin. Water, vitamins and nutrients are all important for skin health. |
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| Molecules from food such as protein, carbohydrates and fats |
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| The clear fluids of the body that resemble blood plasma but contain only colorless corpuscles, bathe the skin cells, remove toxins and cellular waste. They have immune functions that help protect the skin and body against disease. |
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| What helps cells to survive |
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- nourishment
- protection
- function
- proliferation
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| Molecules that triggers a reaction in the body |
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The body replaces millions of cells daily. Cell recovery depends on water to function properly.
Cells of the bones are replaced every 7 yrs.
Elastin and Collagen are not easily replaced by the body. Vitamin A and Alpha Hydroxy Acids stimulate cell turnover and reduce visible signs of aging. |
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They are atoms or moleculess with unpaired electrons. They are super oxidizers that no only cause an oxidation reaction but also produce a new free radical in the process.
Free radicals are bad
Free radical scavengers are good and attack
Red and inflammed skin is an indication of free radical damage. |
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| Is cumulative and photodamaging causes photoaging. Pigment dysfunction, wrinkles, sagging, collagen and elastin breakdwon and skin cancer are results of exposure to UV Rays. |
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Also called "burning rays".
UVB rays contribute to the body's synthesis of Vitamin D and other important minerals...however you only need 10 minutes of day to acquire this. |
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| The internal messengers for most of the body's systems and are internal factors in skin appearance, strength and health. |
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Present in both men and women but primarily in women. It is a crucial hormone for good health and the appearance of skin. It is anti-inflammatory, an antioxidant, and a key factory in tissue repair.
As estrogen is depleted the skin begins to lose tone.
Testosterone levels become dominant as estrogen decreases. |
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Telangiectasia
(Couperose Skin) |
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The dilation of the capillary walls.
Other causes of couperose or spider veins is heredity, digestive, alcohol, smoking, sun damage...etc |
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| A chronic disorder characterized by couperose veinds and congestion in the skin. |
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| Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) |
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Often suggested for women experiencing menopause. These therapies may be derived from animal source estrogens or plant-source estrogens.
Best HRT is plant-source |
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