Term
| What are the 3 major processes involved in skeletal muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
1. Excitation
2. Excitation / Contraction Coupling
3. Sliding Filament Mechanism |
|
|
Term
| The myofiber cell membrane is called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specifically opens the calcium gates in the axon terminal and synaptic end bulb? |
|
Definition
| When a nerve impulse (action potential) reaches the end of the axon |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the moter end plate being highly folded? |
|
Definition
| Folds increase the surface area of the sarcolemma so that more Ach receptors can be located there |
|
|
Term
| What causes the difference in charges across the sarcolemma? |
|
Definition
| Selectively permeable membrane maintains higher extracellular concentration of sodium on the outside while some potassium and negative proteins are on the inside. Helped manitained by leaky Potassium channels and the sodium/potassium pump |
|
|
Term
| What causes the sarcolemma to depolarize? |
|
Definition
| Binding of Acetylcholine molecules to ion channel receptors (chemical gates) on the motor end plate opens ion channels this leads to permeability changes in Sarcolemma as sodium gates opena dn potassium gates close. As sodium enters the cell the membrane depolarizes. |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the sarcolemma results in the generation and propagation of what across the sarcolemma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| The action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules which triggers calcium release from the TERMINAL CISTERNAE of the voltage regulated sarcoplasmic retuculum |
|
|
Term
| What are the three thin filament proteins? |
|
Definition
| Actin, Tropomyosin and Troponin |
|
|
Term
| What is the thick myofilament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blocks the myosin heads from binding to the actin molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which thin myofilament protein removes the myosin blocker? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Troponin remove the myosin blocker? |
|
Definition
| Troponin is made up of 3 proteins - one binds to actin, another binds to tropomyosin, and the 3rd binds to calcium ions. When calcium ions are present, troponin moves tropomyosin out of the way so that myosin can bind to actin. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the action of myosin heads as the sarcomere contracts. |
|
Definition
| Once tropomyosin is removed. myosin heads form "cross bridges" and attach and pull the thin actin toward the center of the sarcomere. and the muscle cell contracts. ATP powers this process |
|
|
Term
| What zones disappear when the sarcomere is fully contracted? |
|
Definition
| The H zone disappears and the I zone shortens. |
|
|
Term
The sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction states that which of the following contracts?
myofibrils, myofibers, myofilaments, sarcomeres, action and myosin |
|
Definition
| myofibrils, myofibers, and sarcomeres contract |
|
|
Term
True or False?
According to the "all or none principle" if one sarcomere contracts then all of the sarcomeres in a myofiber (muscle cell) contract and the entire myofiber contracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
According to the "all or none principle" if one myofiber contracts, then all of the myofibers in a muscle contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
You can have partial contraction of a myofiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
You can have partial contraction of a muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
The proteins actin and myosin are components of contractile myofilaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
The proteins actin adn myosin are components of myofilaments involved in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the enzyme activity of the myosin head, what does it do to ATP? |
|
Definition
When myosin binds to actin ADP and Pi are released from myosin heads resulting in a powerstroke. ATP is needed for the mysoin head to detach from the actin.
Myosin is an enzyme: It hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi |
|
|
Term
| Describe myosin in its "high energy conformation" |
|
Definition
| The ADP / Pi complex remains bound to the myosin head |
|
|
Term
| Describe what happens during the "powerstroke" of the myosin head |
|
Definition
| ADP and Pi are released from the myosin head |
|
|
Term
| What must happen to myosin just before the powerstroke? |
|
Definition
| The myosin head with its ADP / Pi must bind to actin. |
|
|
Term
| What must happen in order for myosin to detach from actin? |
|
Definition
| A new ATP molecule has to bind to the mysoin heads, causing the head to detach from the actin |
|
|
Term
| Describe what happens in rigor mortis |
|
Definition
| Since ATP is required to detach the actin from the myosin, they become permanently bound in the absence of ATP and the muscles become rigid. |
|
|
Term
| What must happen to ACh in order for muscl erelaxation to occur? |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholinesterase must break down Ach in the Synaptic Cleft |
|
|
Term
| What must happen to calcium in order for muscle relaxation ot occur? |
|
Definition
| When action potential is no longer present, Calcium is pumped back into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. |
|
|
Term
| What must happen to actin/troponin/tropomyosin in order for muscle relaxation to occur? |
|
Definition
| ATP must bind to myosin and myosin detaches from action - thus crossbridges are broken |
|
|
Term
The 'all or none' principle applies to which of the following?
sarcomere, muscle cell, myofiber, muscle, myofibril, or motor unit? |
|
Definition
| sarcomere, muscle cell, myofiber, myofibril, and motor unit. |
|
|
Term
| How is it possible to have partial contraction of a muscle? |
|
Definition
| If one motor unit in a muscle contracts, that does NOT mean that all of the motor units contracted. Within a muscle, a few, many, or all of its motor units can contract at any given time. |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 metabolic processes that provide ATP for muscle cell contraction. |
|
Definition
1. Phosphagen System
2. Anaerobic Glycolysis and Lactic Acid System
3. Aerobic Respiration. |
|
|
Term
| Write the chemical reaction for phosphagen system: |
|
Definition
| Creatine phosphate + ADP ----> Create + ATP |
|
|
Term
| Stored ATP and the phosphagen system supply enough energy for how many seconds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The muscle cell does not store large amounts of ATP, but stores greater amounts of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Strenous exercise, when adequate oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The process of convertying pyruvic acid to lactic acid is aerobic or anaerobic?
You should know that this can lead to muscle fatigue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the conversion of lactic acid and pyruvic acid lead to muscle fatigue? |
|
Definition
| Process does not produce enough ATP and the drop in pH inhibits enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| Describe "oxygen debt" and explain why it must be repaid. |
|
Definition
| Lactic acid accumulates and oxygen is needed to convert lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water to replenish energy stores. |
|
|
Term
| Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell? Why is this process considered aerobic? |
|
Definition
| aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria. This requirse oxygen and involves glycolysis, the kreb's cycle,a dn the electron transport chain. |
|
|
Term
| Most of the ATP used for muscle activity comes from which metabolic process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between physiological and psychological muscle fatigue |
|
Definition
| physiologic muscle fatigue results when the muscle physically canno tcontract since the cell is consuminjg ATP faster than it can produce it. Psychologic fatigue occurs when one feels very very tired. |
|
|
Term
| Exercise can increase muscle size. Name the factors that are involved in the increased muscle size |
|
Definition
Increase in the # of mitochondria
Increase in the size of muscle fibers
increase in amount of connective tissue around the muscle. |
|
|
Term
| An athlete with a larger number of slow oxidative myofibers would be a good what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between oxidative and glycolytic myofibers |
|
Definition
| Oxidative fibers are red fibers, fatigue resistant and generate ATP aerobically. Glycolytic fibers are always fast twitch, fatigable white fibers that contain a large amount of glycogen and generate ATP anaerobically. |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between fast twitch and slow twitch myofibers |
|
Definition
| Both are aerobic fatigue resistant red fibers, however, slow twitch aids postural muscles and fast twitch helps explosive aerobic activity like sprintign |
|
|
Term
| Differentate between red and white myofibers. |
|
Definition
| Red fibers contain large amounts of myoglobin whcih bnid to oxygen and white twitch contains less myoglobin but is better adapted to geneate ATP anaerobically. |
|
|
Term
| What is occurring at the cellular level durnig the latent period? |
|
Definition
| Interval from stimulus until muscle starts to shorten, no observable activity, but electrical and chemical changes are occuring. |
|
|
Term
| Wha tis referred to as the staircase effect? What happens to force production with each subsequent stimulus? Why does this occur? |
|
Definition
| Stair case effect. The force for the 1st contraction is less in subsequent contraction within a relatively narrow time span. Each successive stimulation produces slightly mroe force than the previous contraction. Caused by an inrease efficiency enzyme system within the cell and increased intracellular calcium availability. |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 ways to increase the amount of force produced by muscles |
|
Definition
| Multiple Motor Unit summation and Wave summation |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between threshold stimulus and maximal stimulus |
|
Definition
| Threshold is the voltage at which the first perceptible contactile response is obtained. Maximal stimulus the weakest stimulus at which all of the msucle cells are contracting, past this point increased stimulus intensity does not lead to a stronger contraction. |
|
|
Term
| Increasing muscle force b y increasing stimulus frequency is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does wave summation occur? |
|
Definition
| Occurs w hen a muscle is already in a partially contracted state when the stimulus is delivered |
|
|
Term
True or False
With wave summation the muscle is allowed to fully relax. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an extreme form of wave summation that results in a steady, sustained contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three coverings of the spinal cord and brain from superficial to deep |
|
Definition
| dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord at 2 points called? |
|
Definition
| Posterior (dorsal) root and anterior (ventral) root |
|
|
Term
| What causes the swelling in the posterior root (called the posterior root ganglion) |
|
Definition
| Somas of unipolar afferent neurons |
|
|
Term
| Which root is the sensory (afferent) root and which root is the motor (efferent) root? |
|
Definition
Posterior (dorsal) = sensory (afferent)
anterior (ventral) = motor (efferent) |
|
|
Term
| Which root is the sensory (Afferent) root? |
|
Definition
| posterior or dorsal root. |
|
|
Term
| Which root is the motor or efferent root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for reflexes, what does R.I.P. mean? |
|
Definition
| rapid, involuntary, and predictable |
|
|
Term
| Many reflexes are controlled by what part of the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does a reflex begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define neuromuscular junction: |
|
Definition
| synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell. |
|
|
Term
| Name the three types of neurons involved in a reflex arc |
|
Definition
1. sensory or afferent (Unipolar)
2. Interneuron (multipolar)
3. Motor or efferent (Multipolar) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 components of a relfex arc. |
|
Definition
Sensory receptor
Afferent neuron
Integration center (may contain an interneuron) efferent neuron
effector |
|
|
Term
Reflex arcs can be classified as somatic or autonomic by looking at what?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the effector of a somatic reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the effectors of an autonomic reflex |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
|
|
Term
| A receptor potential is the same as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If threshold is reached on the axon, what type of potential is generated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a stretch reflex? |
|
Definition
| patellar or knee jerk reflex |
|
|
Term
What stimulus initates the patellar reflex?
|
|
Definition
Stretching the muscle specifically the muscle spindle in the muscle
|
|
|
Term
| Tapping the patellar ligament has what effect on the quadriceps muscle? |
|
Definition
| lengthens the quadricep muscle |
|
|
Term
| What receptor is stimulated in the muscle when you tap the patellar ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles contract as a result? Does the lower leg flex or extend as a result? |
|
Definition
| Quadricep muscle contracts: the lower leg extends as a result. |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are inhibited during the patellar reflex? |
|
Definition
| Hamstrings (antagonistic group to quads) |
|
|
Term
| What stimulus initiates the deep tendon reflex? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the quadricep muscle, increasing tension in quadricep tendon |
|
|
Term
| What receptor is stimulated in the deep tendon reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle contracts as a result in the deep tendon refelx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles are inhibited in the deep tendon reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a flexor reflex |
|
Definition
| when you touch something hot and you withdraw (flex) your arm |
|
|
Term
| Is thsi reflex contralateral or ipsilateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a crossed extensor reflex |
|
Definition
| Someone startles you by grabbing your arm; you withdraw the arm they grab (flexion) and put the other hand up to defend yourself (extension) |
|
|
Term
| Is the crossed extensor reflex contralateral or ipsilateral? |
|
Definition
| Both; the flexion is ipsilateral, the extension is contralateral. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the basic function of a sensory receptor. |
|
Definition
| They respond to changes in the environment, called stimuli, activation results in graded potentials (depolarization) that can trigger an action potential in the afferent neuron |
|
|
Term
| What kind of potential occurs in a sensory receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does sensation awareness and interpretation actually occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
Located near surface of body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
located in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
Located in blood vessels and viscera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
taste buds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
root hair plexuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
provide information about internal environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
touch receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
receptors for equilibrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
Provide information about body position and movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
Provide information about external environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
pressure receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
organ of corti |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperature receptors of skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exteroreceptor Enteroreceptor or Proprioceptor?
olfactory epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As far as mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptor, photoreceptor or chemoreceptor, whats the rule of thumb? |
|
Definition
| Unless its totally obvious, its a mechanoreceptor. |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 conditions that must be satisfied in order for a sensation to occur |
|
Definition
1. a stimulus (change in the environment) is present
2. A receptor or sense organ detects the stimulus and coverts it to a nerve impulse
3. conduction of impulse occurs along a neural pathway from the receptor to the brain
4. Translation of the nerve impulse into a sensation by a region of the brain; until the CNS translates the impulse, its not a sensation |
|
|
Term
| List / Describe the 4 major characteristics of all sensations |
|
Definition
1. projection - process by which the brain refers sensations to their point of stimulation
2. Adaptation - a decrease in sensitivity to continued stimuli
3. afterimages - sensation that persists even though the stimulation has bene removed.
4. modality - characteristic of reach sensation that allows it to be distinguished from other types |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the adaptive characteristic of senses |
|
Definition
| smell - you smell your own perfume when you first put it on and then dont smell it after a short time |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the projection characteristic of senses |
|
Definition
| You can tell where a sound is coming from; you can tell what part of th body is being touched |
|
|
Term
| Describe the olfactory receptor cell |
|
Definition
| Olfactory receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium are really bipolar neurons whose distal ends contain a dendrite that terminates in olfactory hairs (6 - 8 that react to odors and stimulate the olfactory receptor cells); at proximal ends of these neurons are axons that pass through holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and synapse with neurons in the olfactory bulbs |
|
|
Term
| In order to activate olfactory receptors, a chemical must be what? |
|
Definition
| volatile and water soluble |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory receptor cells synapse with what neurons in the olfactory bulbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smell transuction occurs through what mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The G protein mechanism is a second messenger system. What molecule acts as the second messenger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first step in smell transduction, an odorant chemical binds to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the second step in smell transduction the G protein activates the enzyme???? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once Cyclic amp is formed from ATP cyclic amp opens up what channels? |
|
Definition
| Na channels which influx and results in depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation to smell occurs from olfactory bulbs which contain what kind of cells and release what neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
| olfactory bulbs contain granule cells that release GABA |
|
|
Term
| Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory on mitral cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olfactory tracts carry impulses to two main destinations, what are they? |
|
Definition
| Thalamus to olfactory cortex (temporal and frontal lobes) and limbic system |
|
|
Term
| Four steps for the activation of taste buds |
|
Definition
1. chemical must dissolve in saliva
2. Once dissolved, substances can then enter the taste pores and bind to protein receptors on the gustatory hairs
3. Binding on gustatory hairs results in depolarization and releases neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles
4. Binding of neurotransmitters to sensory dendrites triggers a graded potential that then can elicit an action potential in these neurons
|
|
|
Term
| How is taste transducted? |
|
Definition
| Only partly known; sweet responses are mediated by a G protein mechanisms causes closer of K+ channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Afferent nerves found in facial (VII) glossopharngeal (VIII) and in the vagus (X)
these tracts carry impulses to thalamus and then to gustatory cortex in parietal lobes and also to the limbic systen so we can appreciate what we eat. |
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory receptor organs for taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the gustatory receptor cell? |
|
Definition
| taste buds contain the gustatory receptor cells; each receptor cell contains a gustatory hair (a long microvillus) that projects to the external surface through a taste pore; coiling around the receptor cells are sensory dendrites that transmit impulses to the brain |
|
|
Term
| Where are taste buds found? |
|
Definition
| they are located in papillae (the bumps) of the tounge, soft palate and throat |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary taste sensations? |
|
Definition
| sour, salt, bitter, sweet, savory or umami, and now maybe fat; other tastes are combinations of these four that are modified by smell. |
|
|
Term
| Besides taste receptors, what other receptors are found in the both |
|
Definition
| thermoreceptors, mechanorecepotrs and nociceptors |
|
|
Term
| for a chemical to be tasted, it must dissolve in....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the internal ear functions in audition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 canals of the cochlea |
|
Definition
Scala vestibule which is bony so if its bony it has periliymph
scala Media which is Membranous so if it is membranous it has endolymph
Scala tympani which is bony so if it is bony it has perilymph |
|
|
Term
| What part of the cochlea is directly responsible for detecting sound waves and generating a nerve impulse? |
|
Definition
| Organ of corti - rests on basilar membrane; consists of hair cells; hair cells are in contact with dendrites of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve |
|
|
Term
| What nerve is associated with audition and equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frequency is the same as....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pitch or frequency corresponds to what of the sine wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do high frequency sound waves trike the vestibular membrane in the cochlea? |
|
Definition
| Near the base of the cochlea, close to the oval window; this part of the vestibular membrane is stiffer so only high energy waves can make it vibrate |
|
|
Term
| Where do low frequency waves strike the vestibular membrane? |
|
Definition
| Near the apex of the cochlea; this part of the vestibular membrane is more flexible so low energy waves can make it vibrate |
|
|
Term
| Intensity is the same as?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loudness or intensity corresponds to...? |
|
Definition
| amplitude (height) of the sine wave. |
|
|
Term
| How does the brain detect differences in intensity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure is responsible for absorbing excess waves entering the scala tympani? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Pressure waves in the endolymph of the scala media cause the basilar membrane to vibrate. When the membrane vibrates the hairs of the hair cells bend. Bending them in one direction causes depolarization of the receptor cell; bending them in the other direction causes hyperpolarization of the receptor cells. deplarization causes increase in the release of neurotransmitters from the receptor, hyperpolarization causes a decrease in the release of neurotransmitters from the receptor. Therefore, depolarizzation causes excites associated dentrites. Therefore, hyperpolarization inhibits associated dendrites
|
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 general parts of the internal ear that function in equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| vestibule and semicircular canals |
|
|
Term
| The vestibule functions in what kind of equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The semicircular canals function in what kind of equilibrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of equilibrium monitors the position of the head in space and responds to linear acceleration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of equilibrium responds to rotational movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membranous labyrinth savs within the vestibule are the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sensory receptors for static equilibrium are the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of receptor is the maculae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A macula is a flat epithelial patch containin gsupporting cells and hair cells; hair cells ahve numerous stereocilia long microvilli and a single kinocilium, a true cilium, extending from their surfaces. These "hairs" are embedded in jellylik emass called an otolithic membrane; this membrane contains calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths "ear stones"
Sensory neuron dendrites of the vestibular nerve void around the bases of the hair cells. |
|
|
Term
| When the head is upright the utricle macula hairs are? |
|
Definition
| vertical and respond best to horizontal movements. |
|
|
Term
| When the head is upright the saccule macula hairs are? |
|
Definition
| horizontal and respond best to verticle movements |
|
|
Term
| The membranous labyrinth sacs within the semicircular canals are the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sensory receptor for dynamic equilibrium is the ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many dynamic equilibrium crista ampularis receptors are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the crista ampularis? |
|
Definition
Each crista is a tiny elevation in the ampulla of each semicircular canal. It is composed of supporting cells and hair cells.
Each hair cell has a sterocilia and one kinocilium tha tproject into the cupula (a gel like substance that looks like a pointed cap) sensory neuron dendrites of the vestibular nerve coil around the base of hair cells. |
|
|
Term
| Cristae respond to changes in the velocity of what kind of movement? Note, not the movement itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cristae hair cells function the same way as what kind of hair cells? |
|
Definition
| Organ of corti hair cells. |
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
specialized for color vision and shrpness of vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
specialized for vision in dim light and perpheral vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
Their axons form the optic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
photoreceptor cells that participate in converging pathways (as many as 100 feed into each ganglion nueron_ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
photoreceptor cell that has its own straight-through pathway (has its own bipolar neuron and ganglion neuron) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
Form the middle layer of the retina; link rods and cones to ganglion nuerons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
Generates the action potentials that go to the braIN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
Many more of this type of photoreceptor cell than the other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
More of this photoreceptor in fovea centralis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
More of this type of photorecptors in the peripher of the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
contains phtopigment iodopsin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
produces three types of photopigments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rods, Cones, Bipolar neurons, or ganglion neurons
Glutamate is inhibitory on this cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the optic disc called the blind spot? |
|
Definition
| When light is focused on this spot, no image is formed; there are no rods or cones at this spot on the retina; this is where ganglion neuron axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is the oval region found lateral to the optic disc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The center of the macula lutea is called the ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fovea centralis contains only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anything we wish to view crtiically is focused on the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all radiations travel is..? |
|
Definition
| waves and have characteristic wavelenghts |
|
|
Term
| What part of the electromagnetic spectrum can we see? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light passing through a convex lens does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light passing through a concave lengs does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As light enters the eye it is refracted 3 major times, when does this occur? |
|
Definition
cornea
entering the lens
Leaving the lens |
|
|
Term
| When rhodopsin is in the dark configuration, Na channels in the rods are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If na channels in the rods are open then what will the rods do? |
|
Definition
| release the nuerotransmitter glutamate |
|
|
Term
| In the presence of glutamate, bipolar neurons are excited or inhibited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the bipolar neuron is inhibited by glutamate then the biplar cell does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the bipolar neuron is inhibited by the presence of glutmate and hyperpolarizes than is an impulse send to the brain via the gnglion neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the light configuration of rhodopsin, Na channels in the rods are ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Na channels in the rods are closed than rods do what? |
|
Definition
| they do not release glutamate |
|
|
Term
| If the Na channels are closed and rods do not release glutamate than in the ABSENCE of glutamte bipolar neurons are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is an absence of glutamate and biplar nuerons are excited than they do what? |
|
Definition
| Depolarize and if they depolarizae than an impulse IS sent to the brain via the ganglion nuerons during a LIGHT configuration of rhodopsin |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After light goes through the retina and the optic nerve, it will then go through the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the optic chiasm, light goes through the optic tract and then onto the |
|
Definition
| superior colliculi in corpora quadrigemina |
|
|
Term
| After light goes through the superior colliculi in the corpora quadrigemina it will pass to the ? |
|
Definition
| thalamas which relays it to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. |
|
|
Term
| The lateral visual fields projects onto the what retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial visual fields project onto the what retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral visual fields are interpretted by the same side or opposite side of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medial visual fields is interpretted by the opposite or same side of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows for binocular vision? |
|
Definition
| Visual fields partially overlap |
|
|
Term
| How do we judge the distance of an object? |
|
Definition
| Because we see an object with both eyes, the image of the object reaches the reinta of one eye at slightly different angle from that of the other. The brain can interpret these difference in angle so that distance can be judged accurately. |
|
|
Term
| What is theonly cranial nerve that does not innervate head and neck structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neuroglial cells help form BBB in regular blood capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neuroglail cells help form the BBB in choroid plexus capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Right hemisphere or left hemisphere?
spoken and written langauge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Right hemisphere or left hemisphere?
musical and artistic awareness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Right hemisphere or left hemisphere?
numerical and scientific skills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Right hemisphere or left hemisphere?
imagination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Right hemisphere or left hemisphere?
generating mental images of sight, touch, taste, and smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The input neurons of the cortex are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The output neurons of the cortex are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major areas of the motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| premotor, primary motor, broca's area, frontal eye field |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary motor cortex located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary cortex contains what cells that have long axos that project to the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other 2 major brain structures are also involved in motor contral and receive input from the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Broca's area? |
|
Definition
| special motor speech area tha tdirects muscles of tongue, throat, and lips involved in speech production (motor program for speech) |
|
|
Term
| Broca's area recieves input from? |
|
Definition
| Wernicke's area (formulates phrase) |
|
|
Term
| The area in the right hemisphere tha tmirrors Broca's area controls? |
|
Definition
| emotional aspect of speech |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary sensory area of the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Visual sensory area found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the auditory sensory area found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the olfactory sensory area found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where the gustatory sensory area found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Wernickes area control? |
|
Definition
| Formulates phrases according to learned rules of grammar and transmits them to Broca's area |
|
|
Term
| The area that mirrors Wernicke's area in the right hemisphere recognizes? |
|
Definition
| emotional aspects of speech; think about what would happen if this area was nonfunctional. How would you know if someone was joking or not? |
|
|
Term
| What areafigures out what you are going to say? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area in speech tells your tongue, vocal cords, etc. how to say it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect corresponding gray areas of two hemispheres. fibers run horizontally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect different regions of same hemisphere; the fibers run horizontally, but in the same hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include fibers entering brain from lower brain or cord centers, and fibers leaving cortex to travel to lower areas; fibers run vertically |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral whit ematter is composed of axons from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| The basal nuclie receive input from what? What is the general function? |
|
Definition
| Basal nuclei receive input from cerebral cortex. the general function is output to premotor and prefrontal cortices to influence muscle movements; help to plan and program voluntary movements (motor control) especially highly practiced behaviors that you carry out without much thought (driving a car); input is necessary to our abaility to perform several activities at once |
|
|
Term
| Name 6 centers of the medulla oblongata |
|
Definition
| cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, vomiting, hiccupping, sneezing, gagging, swallowing. etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 major structures of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
1. substantia nigra
2. Cerebral peduncles
3. Corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior collicili) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 6 major structures of the limbic system |
|
Definition
1. Thalamus,
2. hypothalamus
3. olfactory bulbs
4. fornix
5. mamillary bodies
6. temporal lobe (amygdale and hippocampus) |
|
|
Term
| Why are the mammillary bodies and fornix part of limbic system? |
|
Definition
| They are involved in smell and the emtoional connections you ahve to smells. |
|
|
Term
| How does reticular formation effect somatic motor control? |
|
Definition
| Connects cortex to spinal cord tracts taht adjust mucle contraction to maintain tone, balance, and posture |
|
|
Term
| How does reticular formation effect cardiovascular control? |
|
Definition
| Includes cardiac center and vasomotor center of medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| How does reticular formation effect sleep and consciousness? |
|
Definition
| Injury to reticular formation can result in coma; also this is the target of general anesthetics |
|
|
Term
| How does reticular formation effect sensory filter? |
|
Definition
| Acts like a filter for the flood of sensory inputs that our bodies receive - repetitive, familiar, or weak signals are filters out, but unusual, significant, or strong impulses do reach our consciousness |
|
|
Term
| How are the 4 brain waves differentiated? |
|
Definition
| By amplitude (wave height) and frequency |
|
|
Term
| What is the frequency of delta waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the frequency of Beta waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What wave is in normal in infants and adults in deep sleep; indicates serious brain damage in awake adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brain wave is normal in childrena dn sleeping adults; suggestion emotional stress or brain disorders in awake adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brain waves exist when the person is awake, resting, and eyes closed, mind wandering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What wave is seen during mental activity and sensory stimulation; recorded in frontal to parietal region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 brain structures co ntrol circadian rhythm? |
|
Definition
| Reticular formation and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes in EEG as a person moves from drosy to deep sleep? |
|
Definition
| EEG waves increase in amplitude and decrease in frequency |
|
|
Term
| What brain waves is associated with lowest vital sign rates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What temporal lobe structure is responsible for storing short term memories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the hippocampus turn a short term memory into a long term memory? |
|
Definition
| it plays memories back to cortex over and over again |
|
|
Term
| How is the amygdala involved in memory storage? |
|
Definition
| Has connection to diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus - part of limbic system tha tmay enable sensory events to develop emotional assocations; may also limit attention and learning to stimuli with emotional significance |
|
|
Term
| What brain structure plays an important role in learning motor skills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Somatic Nervous System or Autonomic Nervous System?
2 motor neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Somatic Nervous System or Autonomic Nervous System?
heavily myelinated fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Somatic Nervous System or Autonomic Nervous System?
Lightly myelinated fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Somatic Nervous System or Autonomic Nervous System?
Thick Axons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Somatic Nervous System or Autonomic Nervous System?
Fast conduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Somatic Nervous System or Autonomic Nervous System?
Slow conduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thin Axons?
Somatic Nervous System or Autonomic Nervous System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Or Parasympathetic?
Short pre- long post? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Or Parasympathetic?
Pre releases ACh |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Or Parasympathetic?
Post releases ACh? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic and Sympathetic in blood vessels, sweat glands, and errector pili muscles |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Or Parasympathetic?
more complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Or Parasympathetic?
innervates more organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Or Parasympathetic?
"Craniosacral'? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Or Parasympathetic?
Thoracolumbar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the adrenal medulla sometimes called a "misplaced ganglion? |
|
Definition
It arises from the same embryologic tissue as a post sympathetic ganglion; it produced epinephrine, which is similar to NE.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cholinergic receptors that also bind to nicotine; ACh binding nicotine receptors is always excitatory
found on adrenal medulla cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cholinergic receptors can be excitatory or inhibitatory depending on target organ. On heart slows it down on g.i. tract increases activity.
all parasympathetic target organs.
few sympathetic targets like sweat glands, blood vesssels. |
|
|
Term
Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Or Adrenergic?
Binds to ACh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Or Adrenergic?
Binds to NE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Or Adrenergic?
ALWAYS excitatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Or Adrenergic?
excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
| Muscarinic and Adrenergic |
|
|
Term
Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Or Adrenergic?
on motor end plate of skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Or Adrenergic?
On post ganglionic neurons in both divisions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Or Adrenergic?
On adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On parasympathetic target organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On sympathetic target organs? |
|
Definition
| Mostly Adrenergic.....a few muscarinic. blood vessels, sweat glands and arector pili muscles |
|
|
Term
Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Or Adrenergic?
Include alpha and beta receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does SLUDD stand for? for PSD |
|
Definition
| Salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Es for SD? |
|
Definition
| embarassment, excitement, excercise, and emergency |
|
|
Term
Parasmpathetic or sympathetic?
pupil dilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parasmpathetic or sympathetic?
regulates body temp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parasmpathetic or sympathetic?
stimulates gallbladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain sympathetic tone as it relates to blood vessels? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic (Vasomotor) Tone - The SD is the major controller of blood pressure, even at rest. The vascular system is almost entirely innervated by sympathetic fibers that keep the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction called sympathetic tone. When faster blood delivery is needed, these fibers deliver impulses more rapidly, causing blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to rise. When blood pressure is to be decreased, the vessels are allowed to dilate.
|
|
|
Term
| Why is sympathetic longer lived than parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
1. complexity of synapses - SD is more complex and innervates more organs
2. Neurotransmission elimination - ACh is broken down in cleft by acetylcholinesterase, NE takes longer as it has to be pumped back into presynaptic membrane.
3. Effects of adrenal medulla = secretes epi |
|
|
