Term
| Give me an overview of blood |
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Definition
1. Blood leaves via arteries that branch out till they become capillaries.
2. oxygen (o2) and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls and enter tissue.
3.carbon dioxide (co2) and wastes moves from tissues into the blood |
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Term
| blood is the only bodys fluid tissue. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is blood composed of? |
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Definition
| blood is composed of liquid plasma and formed elements. Formed elements include 1. Erythrocytes(aka RBC) , Leukocytes(aka WBC) and platelets. |
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Term
| what do we call the percentage of RBC out of the total body volume? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| some physical characteristics of blood |
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Definition
| blood is a sticky and opaque fluid. carries blood thats scarlet red(oxygen rich) to dark red(oxygen poor). blood is 8 percent of the total body volume and lastly, healthy adult males carry 5-6L of blood whereas healthy adult females carry 4-5L. |
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Term
| what are the functions of blood? |
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Definition
| subtance distribution, regulation of blood levels of particular substances and body protection. |
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Term
| what are the distributions of blood? |
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Definition
| blood transports oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract. metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination. hormones from endocrine glands to target organs. |
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Term
| what are the regulations of blood? |
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Definition
| blood maintains appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat. normal ph levels after using buffer systems. adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. |
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Term
| how is blood used as protection? |
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Definition
it prevents blood loss by 1. activating plasma proteins and platelets. 2. initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken.
Blood prevents infection by: synthesizing and utilizing antibodies. activating WBCs to protect against foreign invaders |
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Term
| how many solutes does blood plasma have? |
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Definition
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Term
| name some of the solutes that blood plasma has. |
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Definition
Proteins - albumin, globulins, clotting protein and others.
nonprotein nitrogenous subtances - lactic acid, urea, creatinine
organic nutrients - glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids.
electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, biocarbonate.
respiratory gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
| What type of blood cells are complete blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC "HAS" nuclei and organelles? True or false |
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Definition
| False, RBC doesnt have nuclei or organalles, and platelets are just cell fragments. |
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Term
| most elements survive in the _______ for only a few days. and most blood cells do not ______ but are renewed by cells in bone marrow |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the the characteristis of erythrocytes(RBC) |
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Definition
| Biconcave discs, anucleate, no organelles |
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Term
| erythrocytes are filled with _________, a protein that transports gas |
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Definition
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Term
| Erythrocytes contain the blood plasma ______ and other proteins that ____________________ |
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Definition
| spectrin, give erythrocytes their flexibility and able to change shape |
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Term
| what are the three structural gas transport function of erythrocytes? |
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Definition
| 1. the biconcave shape has a huge surface area relative to volume. 2. discounting water content, erythrocytes are more than 97% hemoglobin. 3. ATP is generated anaerobically so they do not consume oxygen |
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Term
| tell me about the erythrocyte functions |
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Definition
| they are dedicated to gas transport. hemoglobin reversibly binds with oxygen and most oxygen in blood is bound with hemoglobin. hemoglobin is composed of the protein globin , made up of two alpha and two beta chains each bound to a heme group. each heme group bears an atom of iron, which can bind to one oxygen molecule. each hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen |
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Term
| what are the different types of hemoglobins? |
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Definition
| oxyhemoglobin - hemoglobin bound to oxygen. oxygen loading takes place in the lungs. deoxyhemoglobin - hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into the tissue(reduced Hb). and carbaminohemoglobin - hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide . carbon dioxide takes place in the tissues |
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Term
| tell me about the production of erythrocytes. |
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Definition
| hematopoiesis is the blood cell formation. hematopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow in the axial skeleton, girdles. Epiphyses of the humerus and femur. hemocytoblasts give rise to all formed elements. |
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Term
| tell me about the production of erythropoieses |
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Definition
| a hematocytoblast is transformed into a commited cell called proerythroblast. proerythrobalsts turns into early erythroblasts. the development consists of three phases. Ribosome synthesis develops early erythroblasts. phase 2 is hemoglobin accumulation in late erythroblasts and normoblasts. phase 3 is ejectiion of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of reticulocytes. reticulocytes then become erythrocytes |
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Term
| what are the regulation and requirements for erythropoiesis |
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Definition
| the number of circulating erythrocytes in a given individual is constant and reflects a balance between RBC production and destruction. too few Red blood cells leads to tissue hypoxia. too much of red blood cells causes undesirable blood viscosity. erythropoeisis is hormonally controled and depends on adequate iron, amino acids and B vitamins. |
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Term
| erythropoietin in the kidneys is triggered by |
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Definition
| hypoxia due to the decreased RBC, decreased oxygen availibility, increased tissue demand for oxygen. |
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Term
| enhanced erythropoesis increases the |
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Definition
| the rbc count in circulating blood, and oxygen carrying ability of the blood |
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Term
| what are the dietary requirements for erythropoesis? |
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Definition
| Iron, b12, carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids and folic acid. The body stores iron in hemoglobin, 65% are in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. |
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Term
| what is the fate and destruction of erythrocytes |
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Definition
| 1. the lifespan of erythrocytes is 100-120 days. old erythrocytes become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate.2. dying erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages. 3 heme and globin are seperated and the iron is salvaged for reuse. 4. heme is degraded into a yellow pigment called bilirubin 5. the liver secretes bilirubin as bile. 6. the intestines metobalize it into uribilinogen. 7. this degraded pigment leaves in feces called stercoblin. 8. globin is metabolized into amino acids and is released into circulation. 9. hb is released into the blood phgocytized. |
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Term
| what is blood that has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity? |
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Definition
| anemia. it is a symptom rather than a disease itself. blood oxygen can not support normal metabolism . signs/symptoms include fatigue, chills, shortness of breathe. |
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Term
| what are the three groups of anemia? |
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Definition
| 1. hemmoraghic anemia - chronic or acute blood loss 2. hemolytic anemia - prematurely ruptured erythrocytes 3. aplastic anemia - destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow |
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Term
| iron deficiency anemia results from? |
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Definition
| a secondary result of hemmoraghic anema. inadequate intake of iron food. impaired iron absorbtion |
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Term
| pernicious anemia results from? |
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Definition
| b12 deficiency. lack of instrinsic factors needed for absobtion of b12. treatment is injection of b12 |
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Term
| tell me about the abnormal anemia thallasemias? |
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Definition
| it has an absent globin chain in hemoglobin, erythrocytes are thin, deficient, delicate in hemogloib |
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Term
| tell me about sickle cell anemia |
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Definition
| results from an abnormal gene coding called hemoglobin S. Hbs has a single amino acid subsitution for the beta chain. this defect causes RBC to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations |
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Term
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Definition
| excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity |
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Term
| what type of blood is complete blood cells, make up 1 percent of body, can leave via diapedesis, move through tissue spaces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| wBC count over 11,000 per cubic millimeter due to invasion bacterial or viral |
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Term
| what are granulocytes and what does it include? |
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Definition
| contains cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically(acidic, basic or both), are larger and short lived than RBC, have lobed nuclei, are all phagocytic cells. neutrophils, eosonphils, and basophils are the 3 thats included |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils have two types of granules that take both: acidic and basic dyes. give the cytoplasm a lilac color. contains peroxidases, hydrolytic enzymes, and defensins(antibiotic like proteins) neutrophils are our bodys bacteria slayers |
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Term
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Definition
| account for 1-4% of WBC. red staining bilobed nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material. have red to crimson (acidophilic) large , coarse, lysosomic like granules. lead the bodys counter attacking to paraside worms |
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Term
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Definition
| account for .5% of WBC. have a u or s shaped nuclei with 2 or 3 conspicous constrictions. are similar to mast cells. have large purplish black granules that contain histamine. |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| has lymphocytes and monocytes. lacks visible cytoplasmic granules. are similar structurally but are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types. have spherical (lymphocytes and kidney shaped monocytes |
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Term
| tell me about lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| lympocytes accounts for 25 percent of the WBCs. have large dark puple circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm. are mainly found in lymphoid tissue. 2 types T and B cells. T cells function in the immune respond whereas B cells give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| account for 4-8 percent of leukocytes. they are the largest leukocytes...they have abundant blue cytoplasm. they have purple staining , u or kidney shaped nuclei |
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