Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Physiological Psych Test 2
Hormones and such
136
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/01/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Releases Product (hormones) directly into the blood
Term
Exocrine System
Definition
Releases product (hormones or other) into other parts of body (sweat, tears, milk)
Term
Protein and Amine Hormones
Definition
1. Amino Acid Based
2. lipophobic
3. Bind to membrane receptors, Use second messenger system to alter proteins
4. Act very quickly!
Term
Steroid Hormones
Definition
1. Cholesterol/ Fat Based
2. Lipophillic
3. Passes through the cell membrane, binds directly to receptors in nucleus to alter protein transcription
4. Acts very slow!
Term
Lipophobic
Definition
Non lipid solubable, or cannot pass through a cells fatty membrane!
Term
Lipophillic
Definition
Lipid Soluable! Something that can easily pass through the fatty membrane of a cell
Term
Amine/ Protein vs. Steroid Hormones
Definition
1. Protein are amino acid based, steroids are cholestero/ fat based
2. Protein is lipophobic, Steroid is lipophillic
3. Protein binds to recpetor on membrane and sends 2nd messenger, Steroid binds to nuclei inside of cell itself
4. Protein is fast, steroid is slow!
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
Produces Melatonin, a Protein Based Hormone. This causes Effects on peoples Circadian Rhythms, causes people to sleep!
Term
Melatonin
Definition
It is a Protein Based Hormone! It is created by the Pineal Gland, and it stimulates sleep by effecting peoples circadian rhythms
Term
Hypothalamus (Hormone Producing Structure)
Definition
The Hypothalamus produces "releasing Hormones" Such as CRH, GnRH, etc. AND Oxytocin and Vasopressin.

Release hormones are protein based hormones, that stimulate release of hormones of the anterior pituitary gland!

Oxytocin is a protein based hormone that stimulates Childbirth by making the uterine muscles contract and release of milk by mammary glands in mothers

Vassopressin is a protein based hormone that acts as an anti diuretic by stimulating increased water absorbtion in kidneys. It makes you pee less!
Term
Releasing Hormones
Definition
Examples are CRH or GnRH. They are produced by the hypothalamus. They stimulate the release of hormones in the anterior (front) pituitary gland!
Term
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Definition
It produces Oxytocin and Vassopressin. Oxytocin is a protein based hormone that causes the release of milk in mothers. Vassopressin in a hormone that acts as an anti diuretic by promoting increased water absorption in kidneys and constriction of blood vessels. It causes people to pee less often
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
It is a hormone released by both the Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland. It is a protein based hormone. It stimulates the contractions in the uterine mussels and helps with child birth, as well as stimulating the release of milk by the mothers!
Term
Vassopressin
Definition
It is a hormone produced by both the Hypothalmus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland. It Stimulates water being reabsorbed in kidneys and constricts blood, which causes people to pee less!
Term
Anti Diuretic
Definition
Something that makes you pee less often
Term
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Definition
It's released is caused when the Hypothalamus releases "releasing Hormones," Like CRH and GnRH. Once that occurs, the anterior pituitary gland releases GH, TSH, ACTH, and FSH. They all have different effects throughout the body, all initially stimulated through the hypothalamus.
Term
Growth Hormone (GH)
Definition
A PROTEIN hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland and is released when the anterior pituitary is exposed to Hypothalamus "releasing hormones." GH stimulates growth in the body!
Term
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Definition
It is a PROTEIN hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It is released when the anterior is exposed to the releasing hormones of the Hypothalmus. TSH stimulates the thyroid
Term
Andrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Definition
It is a PROTEIN hormone produced by the anterior Pituitary gland. It is released when the anterior pituitary is exposed to the hypothalamus's releasing hormones such as CRH and GnRH. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex!
Term
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Definition
It is a PROTEIN hormone that is produced in the anterior pituiary gland and released when the anterior pituitary is exposed to hypothalamus releasing hormines. FSH Stimulates growth in the ovarian follicles and seminferous tubucles of the testes
Term
Adrenal Gland (cortex)
Definition
This produces Glucocorticoids and Androstendiones!

Glucococorticoids are steroid hormones that modulate the bodies' sugar storage and protein conservation, by inhibiting the incorpoation of amino acids into protein in muscles and stimulating storage of glycogen.

Androstendiones are steroid hormones that have secondary sexual effects on the body such intermediate step towards producing testosterone or estradiol!
Term
Glucocorticoids
Definition
They are produced by the Adrenal Gland in the Cortex region. Glucococorticoids are steroid hormones that modulate the bodies' sugar storage and protein conservation, by inhibiting the incorporation of amino acids into protein in muscles and stimulating storage of glycogen.
Term
Androstendione
Definition
It is a steroid hormone produced in the Cortex region of the adrenal gland. Androstendiones are steroid hormones that have secondary sexual effects on the body such intermediate step towards producing testosterone or estradiol!
Term
Adrenal Gland (Medulla)
Definition
This produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine! Epinephrine is an amine (protein) hormone that causes arousal by activating the sympathetic nervous system! Norepinephrine is a hormone that activates the parasympathetic nervous system and calms you down!
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
It is produced by the medulla section of the adrenal gland. It is an amine (protein) hormone that causes activation of your sympathetic nervous system, which "pumps you up" or arouses you
Term
Testes
Definition
Produce Androgens (Which are testosterone, hihydrotestosterone, etc.). These stimulate development of male primary and secondary characteristics and behavior. Occur during puberty!
Term
Androgens
Definition
Produced by the testes in males, it is a steroid hormone that stimulates the development of the adult male
characteristics and behavior.

ANDROGENS ALSO LEAD TO HIGHER AGGRESSION! (higher levels of testosterone = roid rage)
Term
Ovaries
Definition
Produces estrogen and progestins in women!

Estrogen is a steroid hormone that stimulates development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics and behavior. Causes females to have puberty

Progestins are hormones that stimulate sexual characteristics and behavior as well as maintain pregnancy
Term
Estrogen
Definition
It is a steroid hormone produced by the ovaries in women. It stimulates development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics and behavior
Term
Progestins
Definition
Steroid hormones that are produced by the ovaries. They stimulate female sexual characteristics and behavior, as well as maintain pregnancy in females!
Term
Stress
Definition
Impacts the Body in 3 ways:

1. Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, which releases Norepinephrine!
2. It makes the hypothalamus release CRH, which activates the anterior pituitary gland and releases ACTH, which activates adrenal cortex and releases cortisol into the body.
3. It activates the adrenal medulla and releases epinephrine!
Term
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone CRH
Definition
CRH is one of the "releasing hormones" done by the hypothalamus. When stress enters the body, the hypothalmus then sends CRH to the anterior pituitary, which sends ACTH to the adrenal Cortex and that increases cortisol levels!
Term
Adrenocorticotropin Releasing Hormone ACTH
Definition
It is a hormone released by the Anterior Pituitary Gland. It is released when stress reaches the hypothalamus, which releases CRH, which makes the anterior pituitary release ACTH. This then makes the adrenal cortex release cortisol! High cortisol levels means high stress
Term
Cortisol
Definition
It increases blood sugar throughout the immune system, by telling the body to use more of its energy stores. It is released by stress, for when stress reaches the hypothalamus, which releases CRH that reaches the anterior pituitary, which releases ACTH and reaches the adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol!
Term
Male Sexual Differentiation
Definition
When the body has XY chromosome, the SRY gene is expressed. This causes Anti-mullerian hormone AMH and Testosterone to be expressed! The AMH causes the mullerian ducts to regress, and testosterone causes the wolffian ducts to to form epidiymus, vas deferens, sand seminal vesicles! Externally, the testosterone causes the penis to form! (Note, without the SRY gene expressed, the Anti-mullerian hormone isnt present, and the female gene expression occurs!)
Term
Female Sexual Differentiation
Definition
Female's have XX chromosomes, and they therefore don't have an SRY gene to be expressed. This causes an absence of the AMH hormone, and the mullerian ducts develop. The mullerian ducts form fallipian tubes, uterus and inner vagina! Without testosterone, no wolferrian ducts develop, so no prostate or male anatomy develop. Externally Without Testosterone and DHT, the outer vagina develops!!
Term
SRY Gene
Definition
AKA The "Y" chromosome, it is the gene expressed by males that causes the development of the male anatomy. The SRY gene causes the secretion of AMH and Testosterone, one which causes the mullerian tubes not to develop, and testosterone causes the wolfferian anatomy to develop, which causes vas deferens, seminal vesicles to form. DHT then causes the external penis to form!
Term
Anti-mullerian Hormone (AMH)
Definition
This is expressed by the SRY (Y) gene in males, that causes the mullerian ducts to regress. This allows males not to develop internal female organs like fallopian tubes, uterus, etc.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
A type of androgen (sex hormone), that in excess causes aggression. In addition, it is expressed via the SRY gene (Y) and causes the body to develop wolferian ducts. These wolferian ducts develop into the internal male organs such as vas deferens, seminal vesicles, etc. Testosterone also causes DHT to be expressed, and that makes the male penis externally form!
Term
DHT
Definition
DHT, or alpha redcutase, is brought out via the SRY gene exposing the body to testosterone. Once T is exposed, DHT is released, which causes the body to develop the external penis. In the absence of DHT, females develop the outer vagina.
Term
Mullerian Ducts
Definition
Mullerian Ducts are the "pre cursor" for the female anatomy developing. When the SRY gene expresses AMH, the AMH causes the mullerian ducts to regress. But, if there is no SRY gene present, and no AMH present, Mullerian tubes develop into the internal organs of females, such as inner vagina and uterus.
Term
Wolffian Ducts
Definition
These are the "pre-cursor" for the internal males organs. When Testosterone is expressed from the SRY gene, it causes the wolfferian ducts to develop, which causes the creation of the internal male organs to occur!
Term
Sexual Bi Potential
Definition
The idea that the mullerian and Wolfian ducts are the pre cursors to what sex will develop! In males, the AMH causes mullerian ducts to regress and female internal organs arent created. Testosterone causes the development of the Wolfian male system. In females, without any AMH or T, mullerian ducts develop into the female internal anatomy. Which ducts are developed determines the sex!
Term
Adrenal Hyperplasia
Definition
When a XX female has an over-active adrenal gland. She has enlarged genitals and acts like a boy. May have fertility problems
Term
Testosterone insensitivity
Definition
XY male but no A receptors. Appears as female externally, but does not menstruate or get pregnant
Term
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Definition
XXY, male but extra X. Some cognitive problems, appears male but some excess
breast tissue, infertile
Term
Turner’s Syndrome
Definition
(X-), or only 1 X. Appears female, but has severe spatial disorders and health problems, infertile
Term
Organizational Hormone Effects
Definition
Permanent hormonal effects, they influence brain and sex organ development
Term
Activational Hormone Effects
Definition
These are effects that occur later in life, after the development of the sex organs. EX Mood aggression, anxiety, etc.)
Term
Follicular Phase
Definition
The phase of the menstrual cycle during menstrual bleeding leading all the way up to pre ovulation. During this phase, Estrogen and Progesterone are low. At the end of the phase, Estrogen levels rise (pre ovulation), and promote the LH and FSH spike, which causes the egg to be released and ovulation to occur
Term
Luteal Phase
Definition
The 2nd half of the menstural cycle, leading from the release of the egg to the menstrual bleeding. During this phase, Estogen and Progesteone rise and then fall, if the girl is not pregnant.
Term
Females show a slight advantage at....
Definition
Word fluency, object recall, and computation (repaid retrieval from memory)
Term
Males show a slight advantage at...
Definition
Analogies, visuo-spatial pocessing (manipulating mental representation)
Term
Sex Difference Functional Laterality
Definition
Men suffer from left brain lateralization, meaning that they rely much more on their left side of their brain for IQ based functioning, where as Women dont!
Term
Higher Within Subject Variability
Definition
Females have higher within subject variability because how they perform depends more so on their own hormones and estrogens levels.
Term
Higher Between Subject Variability
Definition
Men have higher between subject variance for tasks, because a higher rate of men are geniuses and mentally disabled people.
Term
Intrinsic Developmental Influences
Definition
This refers to Genetic influences, or "Nature" It is the direct effect of genetics!
Term
Extrinsic Developmental Influences
Definition
This refers to all the external influences on the body! AKA "Nuture"
Term
Biological Determinism
Definition
The idea that biological factors COMPLETELY determine how a system behaves and changes over time. Very pro NATURE
Term
Social Determinism
Definition
The hypothesis that social interactions and constructs alone determine individual behavior. VERY PRO NUTURE
Term
Teratogen
Definition
A substance that impairs fetal development! EX: alcohol, nicotine, crack, etc. They can cause brain damage and has serious behavioral consequences to the child
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
When babies are exposed to alcohol in the womb from the mother. It leads to an average of 10 IQ points lower than normal!
Term
Complex Behavioral Feature
Definition
This is a behavioral feature that instills that both nature and nurture play a critical role development. EX: IQ, children with gene anomalies have lower IQs typically, but are affected by their parents IQ. In addition, kids who are raised in enriched households typically have higher IQs.
Term
Heritability
Definition
This is the proportion of phenotypic variate in population that is attributable to genetic differences between individuals. It can be used to compare the genetic and environmental factors on a phenotype in a given population
Term
Monozygotic Twins
Definition
Twins who have 100% of their genetics shared, and typically 100% of their environment shared.
Term
Dizygotic Twins
Definition
Twins who have only 50% of their environment shared, but typically have 100% of their environment shared
Term
Adoptive Siblings
Definition
Siblings who share 100% of their environmental factors, but have no genes in common!
Term
Reading Correlation of Sibling Traits
Definition
The greater adoptive siblings, or siblings with no genetic similarities, are at a task, the more important ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE. The greater DIFFERENCE between Monozygotic twins and adoptive twins, the more important GENETIC FACTORS, or heritability is!
Term
Deprivation
Definition
Extreme negative environmental influence during development, which effects complex behaviors negatively!
EX: not reading to children has deprivation effects
Term
Enrichment
Definition
Environmental Factors that have very high positive effects on development. EX: second language, music training, dancing and sports, are all ways of enriching a child's development
Term
Hebbian Network Effects
Definition
The idea that synaptic connections among neurons are strengthened each time they are used, and ones that are not activated eventually become pruned via withdrawal and apoptosis. The idea of USE IT OR LOSE IT!
Term
Why is grey matter reduced in chronic alcoholics?
Definition
People who chronically drink alcohol, rarely use their cortical regions as much as those who don't. When you drink alcohol so much over time, it leads to the body pruning these neurons, as they see it as you "not using" them, lose grey matter!
Term
Strengthening a Connection
Definition
As a neuron is activated, its connections between its neurons becomes stronger and stronger. The more you use a neural pathway, the stronger it gets!
Term
Why is early postnatal development (0-2 yrs), so highly influenced by extrinsic influence?
Definition
Extrinsic = external influences! This is such a highly sensitive time in a childs development because pruning occurs at such a high rate! Children pick up, and have the tendency to not pick up, things at very high rates!
Term
Critical Period
Definition
A limited time in which a developmental event can occur, aka a "transformation" type change in children. This is the idea that if the child doesnt receive the appropriate stimulus during the critical period, it is impossible to learn how to do it!
EX: birdsong learning, visual stimulation (cat), etc.
Term
Sensitive Period
Definition
This is less black and white than critical period, but the idea that certain experiences may have greater effects during developmental periods, but it is not possible to acquire later in life. (where as critical periods it is impossible)
EX: Learning a 2nd language much easier before puberty, msucial instrument as a child as well!
Term
Birdsong Learning
Definition
An example that supports the critical period hypothesis! Some birds were isolated, while some were in normal environments, and both exposed to a song. Those who were able to interact with others during this period were able to sing the song correctly, while others couldnt!
Term
Cat visual stimulation experiment
Definition
Cats had one eye shut for one year. Cats who were already mature saw no effect in their vision after this happening, while kittens whose eye was shut had permanent vision impairment to their eyes. This is because the synaptic connections became pruned while the cat was developing! This is support for the critical period hypothesis
Term
Can neural changes occur as a result of early music, sports, dance, or second language training?
Definition
YES! If you learn a second language during the "critical period," it is said that you will be much more fluent in the language. This is because the neural activity in the brain overlaps when done early! It puts them both into the "language" section of the brain. Where as if you learn the language too late in life, the neural activity are in two seperate areas of the brain, and there is no overlap. This could be why those who learn at an early age are more fluent
Term
Congenital Disorders
Definition
Disorders that occur from birth on throughout life.
EX: Downs syndrome, williams syndrome, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, etc
Term
Progressive Disorders
Definition
Disorders that are genetic in origin, but are expressed later in life
EX: Huntingtons, Multiple sclerosis, parkinsons, etc
Term
Aging Related Disorders
Definition
Disorders that occur with old age
EX: dementia, alzheimers sub type of dementia. (may have genetic components but are a result of getting old)
Term
Injury Based Disorders
Definition
Disorders that occur from injuries to the body, most commonly the brain.
EX: aphasia, ataxia, agnosia, prosopagnosia, caprgas syndrome, hemi-spatial neglect, dementia pugilistica, paralysis (spine)
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
Overactive neural activity! It is when our brains over activate inhibitory neurons in the body and send a "wave" of neural activity throughout the brain! During this wave cognitive function does not occur
Term
Huntington's Disease
Definition
A rare progressive disorder that is caused by a mutation in a HTT gene. This leads to an abnormal form of the Htt protein and it causes neuronal death!! Particularly in the striatum!
Term
Multiple Sclerosis
Definition
This is a progressive disease where people over time have their myelin sheaths deteriorate! This leads to damaged nerves and leads to damaged motor control or brain activity
Term
Parkinsons Disease
Definition
This is a progressive disorder When the basal ganglia in the brain fails to produce dopamine, it leads to degenerative disorder in the central nervous system. The lack of dopamine production leads to movement disorders and tremors!
Term
_______ pathways are involved in movement disorders
Definition
Meostriatal dopamine pathways! AKA the Basal Ganglia
Term
Brain Function and Age
Definition
As we get older, we lose cognitive functioning in our brains. This is connected with the fact that our brains get smaller as we age as well. For example, memory loss accompanies the shrinkage of the hippocampus!
Term
Dementia
Definition
Dementia is a BROAD category degenerative disorder that refers to loss of memory and cognitive skill! (Can be caused by age, disease or trauma). Memory loss WITH other cognitive impairment is a dementia indicator.
NOTE: Alzheimers is a type of dementia
Term
Alzheimers Disease
Definition
A sub type of dementia, it is a brain disease characterized by lesions that destroy cells in the brain starting with the hippocampus. Alzheimers is considered a "way" people lose cognitive functioning. This damage to brain in Alzheimers typically includes plagues and tangles!
Term
Vascular Dementia
Definition
This is the 2nd most common type of Dementia to Alzheimers! It is when the body suffers from too many transient ischemic attacks or strokes. As opposed to Alzheimers, which is damage from lesions in the brain that cause neurons to die!
Term
Aphasia
Definition
Loss of Language! Either production (Brocas area) or Comprehension/ Understaning (Wernickes)
Term
Apraxia
Definition
Inability to carry out learned/ skilled movements (like movements in fingers)
Term
Ataxia
Definition
Uncoordinated Movement as a whole. Difficulty with whole body movement.
Term
Agnosia
Definition
Loss of visual Recognition as a whole. Can't recognize things with visual stimulation need other senses cues. Think friends/ family are imposters
Term
Prosopagnosia
Definition
This is a type of agnosia where people only have an inability to recognize peoples faces! Everything else is clear excelpt ability to determine face
Term
Capgras Syndrome
Definition
A syndrome specific to where people believe that a close friend or family member has been replaced by an imposter! Thinks people are robots or aliens or something, not real people!
Term
Hemi-Spatial Neglect
Definition
A brain injury disorder where people neglect one half of their own body! It is defined as the inability of a person to process stimuli on the injured half of the brain
Term
Dementia Pugilistica
Definition
Dementia that is caused by multiple concussions!
Term
Brocas Aphasia
Definition
AKA NON FLUENT APHASIA. This is when you have damage to Brocas area and have trouble PRODUCING language. You understand it, but you cant put what you want to say into real words. WERNICKES APHASIA IS CONSIDERED WORSE
Term
Wernickes Aphasia
Definition
AKA NON FLUENT APHASIA. This is when you have no problem fluently producing words, but you cant understand language!! just say random words fluently that dont make sense. WERNICKES IS CONSIDERED WORSE
Term
Global Aphasia
Definition
This is a NONFLUENT aphasia where multiple areas of the brain are effected! You cannot understand NOR produce language fluently, language is nearly lost
Term
Frontal Lobotomy
Definition
An ice pick is put through the eye socket and into the brain to cut frontal lobe fibers of the brain. At the time people did it to dictate peoples behavior knowing the frontal lobe played a role in behavior
Term
Why do children recover so much better from brain injuries compared to adults?
Definition
Children have greater plasticity in the developing brain, so their brains can adjust better if they are injured!
Term
Cervical Nerve Region Damage
Definition
Issues with the head and neck, diaphram, and arms and hands
Term
Thoracic Nerve Region Damage
Definition
Issues with chest muscles, breathing, abdominal muscles
Term
Lumbar Nerve Region Damage
Definition
Issues with the legs and feet
Term
Sacral Nerve Region Damage
Definition
Issues with bowles and bladder control, and sexual function
Term
What causes vessicles to open and release neurotransmitters?
Definition
When an action potential reaches the end of a cell, its activation and depolarization opens Ca2+ channels! The influx of Ca2+ causes teh vessicles to merge with the pre synaptic membrane and dumping the transmitters into the cleft for the post synaptic one.
Term
Ionotropic Receptor
Definition
A transmitter-receptor-ion-channel that opens directly when a transmitter binds to it. (Gate opens when transmitter binds)
Term
Metabotropic Receptor
Definition
A transmitter binds to a receptor, which sends a G-protien message to the ion channel and opens the gate! Indirectly opens the ion channel (more like protein hormones)
Term
Ligand/Recpetor
Definition
The ligand is the substance that binds, the receptor is the one who accepts the ligand. Think Lock and Key!
Term
Affinity
Definition
How likely the ligand is to bind the the receptor, relative to other ligands!
Term
Agonist
Definition
A substance that promotes/ increases neural activyt, either by activating it itself or or increasing the binding affinity of the ligand
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Receptor Inhibitor! It either binds to where the ligand does and blocks it, or binds elsewhere and prevents activation
Term
Re-Uptake Inhibitor
Definition
Inhibitrs pre-synaptic reuptake of a ligand/ neurotransmitter, leaving the transmitter in the cleft for longer, which leads to more activation of the transmitter! It Promotes Affinity
Term
Up Regulation/ Down Regulation
Definition
Chonic use of drugs to block or stimulate receptors causes brain to "adjust" and make more or less of them! This is the result of "tolerance" because bodies brain has adjusted to how much it requires to get to same state, assuming it needs more/ less!
Term
Neuro-modulator
Definition
A substance that stimulates/ facilitates other transmitters (like caffeine!)
Term
Competitive Agonist/ Antagonist
Definition
A substance that binds WHERE THE TRANSMITTER GOES and competitively prevents the actual transmitter from binding. Agonists causes more activation, Antagonists cause less!
Term
Non-Competitive Agonist/ Antagonist
Definition
A subtance that binds to an ion channel, but NOT DIRECTLY WHERE THE Ligand goes! Instead it uses intrinsic activity to either promote/ prevent activation and opening
Term
SSRIs
Definition
Serotonin reuptake Inhibitors, they are used as anti depressants to get the body to use more of its own serotonin!
Term
Acetylcholine Receptor Pathway in Brain
Definition
AKA CHOLINERGIC. Involved in sympathetic/ parasympathetic nervous system, motor system, and learning!

AFFECTED IN ALZHEIMER
Term
Dopamine Receptor Pathway in Brain
Definition
AKA DOPAMINERGIC. Involved in motivation, effort, learning, fine movement, emotion, please (drug addiction).

AFFECTED IN HUNTINGTONS AND PARKINSONS
Term
Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine Pathway in Brain
Definition
AKA ADRENERGIC. Involved in parasympathetic/ sympathetic nervous systems, as well as risk taking and excitement!
Term
Serotonin Pathway in Brain
Definition
AKA SEROTONERGIC. Involved in emotion, temperature, sleep, sex, and appetite.
Term
GABA pathway in brain
Definition
AKA GABA-ERGIC. Involved in primary network of inhibition. Turning the brain down!
Term
Glutamate Pathway in the Brain
Definition
AKA GLUTAMATERGIC. This parthway goes across the brain and cortex as the primary excitatory transmitter. It gets the brain going!
Term
Alcohol on Brain
Definition
DOUBLE SEDATIVE PUNCH!
Alcohol is a GABA agonist, so it enhances GABA activity and makes people more inhibitory. It ALSO is a Glutamate competitive antagonist, so it prevents Glutamate from exciting the body! This makes alcohol VERY inhibitive on the body.
Also inhibition in frontal Cortex (bad decisions) and memory
Term
Heroin on the brain
Definition
Heroin is a opiate agonist. This increases dopamine in the body and leads to immediate feelings of sedation and well being!
Can cause down regulation of opiate receptors thinking brain has enough dopamine! This particularly effects the limbic system, which can alter stress, sleep emotion,
Term
Marijuanna on the Brain
Definition
Marijuanna is a cannabinoid agonist, which lafs to increases in dopamine. This leads to euphoria, slowed movement, and promotes amnesia!
It particularly effects the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and cerebellum
Term
Ecstasy on Brain
Definition
Ecstasy mimics serotonin and is a serotonin agonist! It has very increased emotional high, which can promote dopamine agonism. This is why it is so addictive!
From ecstasy, serotonin becomes trapped in the cleft and it acts as an SSRI as well!
Term
Cocaine on the Brain
Definition
Cocaine is a dopamine re-uptake inhibitor. It increases dopamine, euphoria, and activation of motor systems, by keeping as much dopamine as possible in the synaptic cleft. It especially effects the basal ganglia!
Term
Dopaminergic Pathway Role
Definition
The "Dopamine Pathway" is the pathway in the brain that leads to drugs being so addictive, because its pathway includes the rewards part of the brain! This pathway is activated by many drugs such as heroin, cocaine, marijuanna, and slightly ecstasy! all leading to their addictive qualities

Parts include:
-VTA
-Amgydala
-Hippocampus
-Nucleaus Accumbens
and some structures of limbic system!
Term
Parts of brain in Dopaminergic/ Dopamine pathway
Definition
VTA, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleas acumbens, and structures in the limbic system and basal ganglia
Term
Why do drugs who do similar things have such different behavior effects?
Definition
EX: Marijuanna, herioin, and cocaine all increase dopamine?
Different drugs have a higher/ lower affinity for different receptor subtypes, which makes each drug effect different parts of the brain (even on the same neurotransmitter pathway) differently!
Supporting users have an ad free experience!