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Physiological Psychology
CH.2 Cells of the Nervous System
42
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/09/2010

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Term
Glia
Definition
The supporting cells of the CNS. It glues the CNS together, insulates neurons, act as housekeeper removing dead neurons, and surroung neurons and hold them in place.
Term
What are the three most important glial cells?
Definition
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia
Term
Astrocyte
Definition
A glial cell that provides support for neurons of the CNS, provides nutrients and other substances, and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid.
Term
What does astrocyte mean?
Definition
"star cell"- accurately describing the shape of these cells
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
The process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration
Term
Oligodendrocyte
Definition
A type of glial cell in the central nervous system that forms myelin sheaths.
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons.
Term
Node of Ranvier
Definition
A naked portion of a myelinated axon between adjacent oligodendroglia or Schwann cells.
Term
Microglia
Definition
The smallest of the glial cells; act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms. They are primarily respnosible for the inflammatory reaction in response to brain damage
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
A cell in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) thats is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath
Term
Blood-brain barrier
Definition
A semi-permiable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries.
Term
Area Postrema
Definition
A region of the medulla where the blood-brain barrier is weak; poisons can be detected there and can initiate vomiting.
Term
Electrode
Definition
a conductive medium that can be used to apply electrical stimulation or to record electrical potentials.
Term
Microelectrode
Definition
A very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons.
Term
Membrane potential
Definition
The electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell.
Term
Oscilloscope
Definition
A laboratory instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube.
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; approx. -70 mV in the giant squid axon.
Term
Depolarization
Definition
Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential.
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
An increase in the membrane potential of a cell; relative to the normal resting potential
Term
Action potential
Definition
The brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon
Term
Threshold of Excitation
Definition
The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
An aqueous solution of a material that ionizes-- namely, a soluble acid, base, or salt.
Term
Ion
Definition
A charged molecule. Cations are positively charged, and anions are negatively charged.
Term
Electrostatic pressure
Definition
The attractive force between atomic paticles charged with opposite signs or repulsive force between atomic particles charged with the same sign.
Term
Sodium-potassium Transporter
Definition
A protein found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell.
Term
Ion Channel
Definition
A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells.
Term
Voltage-dependent Ion Channel
Definition
An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential.
Term
All-or-None Law
Definition
The principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon; it is propagated, without decrement, to the end of the fiber.
Term
Rate Law
Definition
The principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which that axon fires.
Term
Cable Properties
Definition
The passive conduction of electrical current, in a decremental fashion, down the length of an axon.
Term
Saltatory Conduction
Definition
COnduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next.
Term
Postsynaptic Potential
Definition
Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron, produced by liberation of neurotransmitter at the synapse.
Term
Binding Site
Definition
The location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds
Term
Ligand
Definition
A chemical that binds with the binding site of a receptor
Term
Dendritic Spine
Definition
A small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse.
Term
Presynaptic Membrane
Definition
The membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released.
Term
Postsynaptic Membrane
Definition
The cell membrane opposite the terminal button in a synapse; the membrane of the cell that receives the message.
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
The space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane
Term
Synaptic Vesicle
Definition
A small, hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons; contains molecules of a neurotransmitter.
Term
Release Zone
Definition
A region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
Term
Release Zone
Definition
A region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
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