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Physiological Psychology Final
ch 1-15 in Kalat
127
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
05/02/2010

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Cards

Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
pairing two stimuli changes the response to one of them (Pavlov)
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
an individual's RESPONSE LEADS to a reinforcer of punishment
Term
Engram
Definition
the physical representation of what has been learned, studied by Lashley. like a connection between two brain areas
Term
Lashley's Belief
Definition
if there is a strengthened connection between two brain areas, then a knife cut could interrupt the connection and abolish the learned response (this proved to not be the case)
Term
equipotentiality
Definition
all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning, and any part of the cortex can substitute for any other
Term
Mass Action
Definition
the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better
Term
Lashley's Unneccessary Assumption #1
Definition
the cerebreal cortex is best or only place to search for an engram
Term
Lashley's Unneccessary Assumption
Definition
all kinds of memory are physiologically the same
Term
Lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)
Definition
nucleus of the cerebellum essential for learning. If suppressed nothing can be learned. It is needed for learning AND RETENTION
Term
Red Nucleus
Definition
midbrain motor area in cerebellum where learned responses present themselves
Term
working memory
Definition
emphasizes that temporary storage is not a station on the route to long-term memory but the way we store info while we are working with it
Term
Delayed response tasks
Definition
responding to something that you saw or head a short while ago
Term
Amnesia
Definition
memory loss
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
inability to form memories for events that happened AFTER brain damage
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
loss of memory for events that occured before the brain damage. There is usually a limit of around 3 years back
Term
Episodic Memories
Definition
memories of single events, treated differently than other memories by the brain
Term
Future events and past events
Definition
use the same part of the brain, people with hippocampus damage (like amnesia) cannot think of future events just like they cannot recall past events
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
influence or recent experience on behavior, even if one does not realize the influence
Term
People with amnesia (4 things)
Definition
1. normal short-term or working memory
2. severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory (formation of new memories)
3. severe loss of episodic memories
4. better implicit than explicit memories
Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
ability to state a memory in words
Term
Procedural memory
Definition
development of motor skills and habits (motor memory)
Term
Spatial memory
Definition
memory that has to do with location and understanding one's physical position in an environment is located in the hippocampus, the larger the hippocampus the better the spatial memory
Term
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Definition
brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency. symptoms include apathy, confusion, and memory loss. impairment of ability to put memories in sequential order
Term
Confabulation
Definition
patients guess to fill in memory gaps, usually with happy emotions to make their lives seem more pleasant
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
important for procedural memories
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
important for working memory and reason
Term
Semantic Dementia
Definition
loss of semantic memory, inability to put words to mental images
Term
Hebbian Synapse
Definition
a synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Term
sensitization
Definition
increase in response to mild stimuli as a result to exposure to more intense stimuli
Term
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Definition
burst of intense stimulation to a neuron leaves the synapses potentiated so it's more responsive to new input for extended periodds of time
Term
specificity
Definition
if some synapses have been highly active they will be strengthened
Term
cooperativity
Definition
nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP more strongly than does repeated stimulation by one axon
Term
associativity
Definition
pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to the weak input
Term
Long term depression
Definition
a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse due to lack of use
Term
Corpus Collosum
Definition
where the right and left hemispheres are connected and exchange information
Term
Right Hemisphere
Definition
better at perceiving emotions and expressions made by self and others, better at spatial relationships, better at overall patterns
Term
Left Hemisphere
Definition
better at interpreting details, as well as center for language
Term
Planum Temporale
Definition
larger in the left hemisphere for 65% of people, has correlation with handedness. Bigger the ratio = better language skills, smaller ratio = better on certain nonverbal tasks
Term
Productivity
Definition
ability to produce new signals to represent new ideas
Term
Williams Syndrome
Definition
syndrome with deletion of chromosome 7, mental retardation from decreased gray matter, no spatial perception but exceptionally fluent in language and grammar.
Term
Pverty of Stimulus Argument
Definition
children are born with language and keep developing it slowly, however it is difficult to believe that a child is born with the grammars of all the possible human languages
Term
person who learns no language early in life
Definition
is permanently impaired at learnign language
Term
aphasia
Definition
any language impairment
Term
Broca's (nonfluent) aphasia
Definition
causes comprehension deficits when meaning or structure or sentence is more complicated. have problems with word meanings, not pronunciation
Term
Wernicke's (fluent) Aphasia
Definition
poor language comprehension and impaired ability to remember the names of objects. ability to speak and write fluently though
Term
Anomia
Definition
inability to remember the name of objects
Term
dysphonetic dyslexics
Definition
trouble sounding out words, try to memorize word as a whole and sometimes subsitute words within context
Term
Dyseidetic Dyslexics
Definition
sound out words well but fail to recognize word as a whole
Term
Innattentional Blindness
Definition
of all that your eyes see at any instant, you are conscious of only those few to which you direct your attention.
Term
phi phenomenon
Definition
using context clues to gain a perception of earlier stimuli
Term
Spatial neglect
Definition
with damage to the right hemisphere there is a tendency to ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects
Term
Depression and happiness
Definition
depression can better be diagnosed by lack of happiness rather than increased sadness
Term
Co-morbidity
Definition
depression is often linked with another disorder such as add, substance abuse, or migraines
Term
Borna Disease
Definition
viral infection in farm animals, produces periods of frantic activity with that of inactivity, only depressed or bipolar people contract it
Term
hemispheric abnormalities
Definition
happiness is centered in left prefrontal cortex, depressed people have decreased activity in left with increased activity in right prefrontal cortex
Term
Bipolar I disorder
Definition
people with bipolar disorder who have full blown mania
Term
Bipolar II disorder
Definition
those with bipolar disorder who have milder manic phases called hypomania whcih are characteristized by agitation or anxiety
Term
Lithium
Definition
a mood stabalizer used for bipolar disorder, too much is toxic
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
disorder characterized by deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and by some combination of perception disorders
Term
Acute schizophrenia
Definition
sudden onset with good prospects for recovery
Term
Chronic Schizophrenia
Definition
gradual onset with a long-term course
Term
positive symptoms
Definition
behaviors that are present that should be absent, 2 types, psychotic and disorganized
Term
Negative Symptoms
Definition
behaviors that are absent that should be present. usually stable over time and difficult to treat. usually include emotional expression, speech, working memory
Term
Delusion
Definition
unfounded beliefs such as the convition that one is being persecuted
Term
Hallucination
Definition
abnormal sensory experiences
Term
Disorganized behavior
Definition
positive symptoms such as innapropriate emotional displays, bizarre behaviors, incoherrent speech...
Term
Differential Diagnosis
Definition
ruling out other conditions that might produce similar symptoms as schizophrenia
Term
neurodevelopmental hypothesis
Definition
schizo is neonatal or prenatal
Term
season of birth effect
Definition
tendency for people born in winter to have a higher risk of schizophrenia
Term
Cosmology
Definition
branch of physics that asks why the universe exists at all
Term
physiological explanation
Definition
relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs
Term
Ontogenetic explanation
Definition
describes how a structure of behavior develops
Term
evolutionary explanation
Definition
reconstructs the evolutionary history of the structure or behavior
Term
functional explanation
Definition
explains WHY a structure or behavior came into being
Term
Hard problem
Definition
concerns why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness
Term
Multiplier Effect
Definition
if a genetic or prenatal influence produces an increase in some activity this activity is often nurtured creating the influence to flourish
Term
altruistic behavior
Definition
action that benefits someone other than the actor
Term
reciprocal altruism
Definition
idea that individuals who help those who will return the favor
Term
Neurons
Definition
receive info and transmit it to other cells
Term
astrocyte
Definition
type of glial cell that removes waste material and controls amount of blood flow
Term
Microglia
Definition
glial cell that works like a white blood cell
Term
Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes
Definition
help build the myelin sheaths
Term
Radial Glia
Definition
guide migration of neurons and their axons during embryonic development
Term
active transport
Definition
protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain
Term
saltatory conduction
Definition
the jumping of action potentials from node to node in the breaks of the myelin sheaths
Term
temporal summation
Definition
repeated stimuli within a brief time has a cumulative effect
Term
excitatory postsynaptyic potential
Definition
graded depolarization of a membrane, increases frequency of action potentials
Term
spatial summation
Definition
synaptic inputs from seperate locations combine their effects on 1 neuron
Term
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Definition
temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane, decrease frequency of action potentials
Term
Interneuron
Definition
intermediate neuron in the spinal cord that activates other motor neurons in response to a sensory neuron
Term
Spontaneous Firing Rate
Definition
periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input, ex. earthquakes
Term
antagonist
Definition
type of drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter
Term
agonist
Definition
drug that mimics or increase the effects of a neurotransmitter
Term
affinity
Definition
when a drug is able to bind to a receptor, like lock and key
Term
efficacy
Definition
drug's tendency to activate the receptor
Term
Nucleus Accumbens
Definition
where dopamine is released
Term
Stimulant Drugs
Definition
increase excitement, alertness, mood
Term
valine gene
Definition
people with this gene are on average more impulsive
Term
proliferation
Definition
production of new cells
Term
differentiation
Definition
when neurons form their axons and dendrites
Term
synaptogenesis
Definition
formation of synapses
Term
fovea
Definition
tiny area specialiezed for acute, detailed vision
Term
rods
Definition
respond to faint light, black and white vision
Term
Cones
Definition
good for color vision, concentrated in the fovea
Term
Parkinson's Disease
Definition
disease that causes loss of abilities to use muscles and deterioration of mental activity. caused by gradual death of neurons
Term
Huntington's Disease
Definition
neurological disoder that is from a dominant gene. motor symptoms include muscle jerks and twitches, loww or ability to control movement, suffer from schizophrenia like symptoms
Term
free-running rhythm
Definition
a rhythm, which occurs when no stimuli resets or alters it
Term
zeitgeiber
Definition
stimulus that resets rhythms, for circadian rhythm it is mainly light and temperature
Term
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Definition
controls that circadian rhythms for sleep and body temperature
Term
Overtime
Definition
mutation in this modifier gene gives people circadian rhythms lasting 26 hours instead of 24 hours
Term
Period gene
Definition
mutation in this gene causes people to have a circadian rhythm faster than 24 hours
Term
Melatonin
Definition
hormone which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms
Term
coma
Definition
extended period of unconsiousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease. keeps fairly steady brain activity while in this state, no response to stimuli
Term
vegetative state
Definition
person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, but when there is arousal the person has no awareness. sometimes cognitive activity
Term
minimally conscious state
Definition
one step higher than vegetative, occasional brief periods of purposeful actions and limited amount of speech comprehension
Term
brain death
Definition
condition with no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus, wait 24 hours before pronouncing dead
Term
Orexin
Definition
neurotransmitter neccessary for STAYING awake
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
condition with frequent periods of sleepiness during the day. lack of hypothalamic cells that produce and release orexin
Term
cataplexy
Definition
attack of muscle weakness while the person remains awake, often triggered by strong emotions of noises
Term
REM behavior disorder
Definition
disorder where the person moves around vigorously during REM periods, acting out dreams
Term
Night Terrors
Definition
person has intense anxiety from which they wake up screaming in terror. NOT FROM DREAMS
Term
activation-synthesis hypothesis
Definition
dream represents the brain's effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information
Term
clinico-anatomical hypothesis
Definition
dreams are thinking that takes place under unusual conditions, such as little info coming from sense organs
Term
sexually dimorphic nucleus
Definition
larger in males than females and contributes to control of male sexual behavior, for girls controls the menstrual cycle
Term
limbic system
Definition
forebrain area which is critical for emotion, contains amygdala
Term
stress
Definition
nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
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