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Physiological Psych Cornerstone 1
Chapter 1,3,6,7
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/19/2011

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Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
the division of the PNS that participates in the regulation of the body's internal environment; it conducts sensory signals to the CNS from receptors in internal organs, and motor signals from the CNS back to the same internal organs
Term
Brain
Definition
the part of the CNS that is located in the skull
Term
central nervous system
Definition
the part of the vertebrate nervous system that is located within the skull and spine
Term
cervical region
Definition
the section of the spine that provides the flexible framework of the neck or cervix
Term
dorsal roots
Definition
the 31 pairs of sensory nerves that enter the spinal cord; they enter the spinal cord's dorsal surface
Term
gonads
Definition
the sex glands; they release hormones that influence both the development of female and male reproductive systems and reproductive behavior of adults
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
the brain structure from which the pituitary is suspended; it secretes releasing hormones, which stimulate the release of the tropic hormones from the pituitary
Term
lumbar region
Definition
the section of the spine that supports the small of the back
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system; it tends to conserve energy during periods of quiescence; parasympathetic nerves project from the brain and from the sacral region of the spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
the part of the vertebrate nervous system that is located outside the skull and spine
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
the gland that hangs from the hypothalamus; because it releases tropic hormones, it is often referred to as the master gland
Term
sacral region
Definition
the section of spine to which the bones of the pelvis are attached
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
the division of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment; it conducts sensory signals to the CNS from external receptors and receptors in joints and skeletal muscles, and it conducts motor signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Term
spinal cord
Definition
the part of the CNS that is located in the spine
Term
spinal gray matter
Definition
the H-shaped area of gray nervouse tissue in the core of the spinal cord
Term
spinal white matter
Definition
the are of white nervous tissue in the spinal cord; it surrounds the spinal gray matter
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
one of the two motor divisions of the autonomic nervous system; it tends to mobilize energy resources during periods of threat; sympathetic nerves project from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Term
thoracic region
Definition
the section of the spine to which the ribs are attached
Term
ventral roots
Definition
the 31 pairs of motor nerver that exit the spinal cord; the project from the spinal cord's ventral surface.
Term
medulla
Definition
the most posterior region of the brain stem; the myelencephalon; its major structures include the pyramids, olives, medullary reticular formation, and the nuclei that contribute axons to cranial nerves 9, 10, 11, and 12
Term
Pyramids
Definition
two large bulges, one left and one right, on the ventral surface of the medulla; they contain the pyramidal tracts, which carry signals for voluntary movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the motor circuits of the spinal cord
Term
olives
Definition
the pair of large olive-shaped clusters of nuclei that are visible as bulges on the lateral surfaces of the medulla, one on each side; they are connected to the cerecellum
Term
reticular formation
Definition
a complex network of nuclei and short interconnecting tracts that is is located in the core of the brain stem, from the medulla to the midbrain; its nuclei play a role in controlling many vital body functions and in the promotion of arousal, arousal attention, and sleep
Term
cerebellum
Definition
the large striped metencephalic structure that is situated just dorsal to the pons; it plays a role in the coordination of movement
Term
cerebellar peduncles
Definition
three large pairs of tracts (inferior, middle, and superior) that connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain stem
Term
pons
Definition
the ventral portion of the metencephalon; its major structures include the fourth ventricle, the metencephalic portion of the reticular formation, many ascending and descending tracts, and the nuclei of cranial nerves 5,6,7, and 8
Term
superior colliculi
Definition
the more anterior of the two pairs of nuclei that constitue the mammalian tectum; they play a role in vision
Term
inferior colliculi
Definition
the most posterior of the two pairs of nuclei that constitute the mammalian tectum; they play a role in audition
Term
red nuclei
Definition
a pair of tegmental nuclei, one on the left and one on the right; they have a pinkish appearance and are important structures of the sensorimotor system
Term
periaqueductal gray
Definition
the tegmental gray matter that is located around the cerebral aqueduct; it plays a tole in suppression of pain and in defensive behavior
Term
substantia nigra
Definition
a pair of tegmental sensorimotor nuclei, one on the left and one on the right; they are so named because many of their neurons contain a dark pigment
Term
thalamus
Definition
the two lobed diencephalic structure at the top of the brain stem, one lobe on each side of the third ventricle; several of its nuclei relay sensory information to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex
Term
lateral geniculate nuclei
Definition
the thalamic nuclei that relay visual information to the cerebral cortex
Term
ventral posterior nuclei
Definition
the thalamic nuclei that relay tactual information to the cerebral cortex
Term
internal lamina
Definition
the layers of white matter in each lobe of the thalamus
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
the diencephalic structure that is located just beneath the anterior end of the thalamus; the pituitary gland is suspended from it
Term
ventromedial nuclei
Definition
the pair of hypothalamic nuclei, on on the left and one on the right, that plays a role in regulating the conversion of blood glucose to body fat; they are located near the midline in the ventral part of the hypothalamus
Term
suprachiasmatic nuclei
Definition
the pair of hypothalamic nuclei, one on the left and one on the right, that play a role in the timing of 24-hour biological rhythms; they are located just dorsal of the optic chiasm
Term
mammillary bodies
Definition
the pair of hypothalamic nuclei one on the left and one on the right, that are part of a system that plays an important role in emotion; they are visible on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus as a pair of bumps just behind the pituitary
Term
preoptic area
Definition
the most anterior area of the hypothalamus; it plays a role in sexual behavior
Term
frontal lobes
Definition
two regions of the cerebral hemispheres, one in each hemisphere, that are anterior to the central fissures
Term
parietal lobes
Definition
the two regions of the cerebral hemispheres, that are posterior to the central fissures and superior to the lateral fissures
Term
temporal lobes
Definition
the two regions of the cerebral hemispheres, one in each hemisphere, that are inferior to the lateral fissures
Term
occipital lobes
Definition
two regions of the cerebral hemispheres that are at the posterior pole of each hemisphere
Term
amygdala
Definition
the almond shaped nucleus of the anterior temporal lobes; it is part of both the limbic system and the basal ganglia
Term
caudate
Definition
a nucleus of the basal ganglia; it is a tail-like nucleus that extends in each hemisphere from the amygdala in a posterior direction and almost completely encircles the other basal gangliamus; the caudate and putamen together are known as the striatum
Term
putamen
Definition
a nucleus of the basal ganglia; it is located in each hemisphere just lateral to the globus pallidus, and it is connected to the anterior end of the caudate by a series of fiber bridges; the putamen and caudate together are known as the striatum
Term
globus pallidus
Definition
a nucleus of the basal ganglia; it is located in each hemisphere between the thalamus and the putamen
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
the clear inner fluid of neurons and other cells
Term
cell membrane
Definition
the semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of neurons and other cells; the wall of the cell
Term
cell body
Definition
the metabolic center of the neuron; also called the soma
Term
dendrites
Definition
the short bushy fibers that branch out from the cell body; they constitute the major signal-receiving area of the neuron
Term
axon
Definition
the single long fiber that extends from a neuron's cell body; its function is to conduct neural signals from the cell body to other parts of the nervous system
Term
buttons
Definition
the button-like terminal endings of the axon branches
Term
receptive area
Definition
the dendrites and cell body of a neuron; the area of a neuron that receives most of its synaptic input
Term
synapse
Definition
the narrow cleft between a terminal button of one neuron and the receptive membrane of another
Term
axon hillock
Definition
the cone-shaped structure between the cell body and axon; action potentials are generated in the first segment of the axon, adjacent to the axon hillock
Term
nodes of Ranvier
Definition
the gaps between the adjacent glial segments on a myelinated axon
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
glial cells that myelinate CNS axons
Term
schwann cells
Definition
glial cells that myelinate PNS axons
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