Term
| Body movements are mostly |
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Definition
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Term
| The simplest neural pathway is a |
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Definition
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Term
| name some movements that are reflexive |
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Definition
| heartbeat, respiratory movements, digestive activity, posture adjustments |
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Term
| descirbe the steps in a reflex arc |
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Definition
1. stimulus
2. receptor
3. sensory neuron
4. interneuron
5. motor neuron
6. effector organ
7. response |
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Term
| What is the difference b/t CNS and PNS |
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Definition
| no interneuron in the PNS |
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Term
| _____ involves viseral organs and involve ____ neurons |
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Definition
1. somatic reflexes
2. automatic |
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Term
| ____ involves visceral organs and involve _____ neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| what do sig. variation in reflex reponses b/t right and L sides of the body indicate |
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Definition
| localized damage to spinal cord |
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Term
| ____ is arranged parallel with muscle fibers of almost every skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| when muscles are over stretched, what happens? |
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Definition
| activates stretch receptors, resulting in reflexive contraction |
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Term
| patellar reflex tests nerves exiting __,__, and __ |
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Definition
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Term
| achilles reflex tests nerves exiting |
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Definition
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Term
| endurance athletes have ___ reflexes and sprinters have ___ reflexes. One theory says this is because the stretch receptors of sprinters are more ____ |
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Definition
1. slower
2. faster
3. sensitive |
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Term
| ______ is when a the force of a reflex response is stronger whenother muscular activity is going on at the same time |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some common causes of hyporeflexia? What do these have in common? |
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Definition
| Chronic diabetes, malnutrition, alcoholism; all are damage to PNS |
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Term
| what are some common causes of hypereflexia? |
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Definition
inhibition to primary motor cortex --> excessive muscle tone
damage to CNS motor tracts |
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Term
| What is the connective tissue around muscle cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Layers of connective tissue around muscles are made up mostly of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeletal muscle cells are abundant in what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cell/plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells |
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Term
| the 2 types of myofilaments are ___ and ___ and are made of ___ and ___ respectively. |
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Definition
1. thin (actin)
2. thick (myosin) |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated units of myofilaments |
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Term
| what neurotransmitter stimulates muscle cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase in muscle strength is most associated with ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is an increase in muscle strength and increases muscle strength by doing what? |
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Definition
1. hypertrophy
2. increases number of myofilaments |
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Term
| on average, how much does aerobic and aerobic performance decrease by 65? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the reason for decreased elasticity in muscles are we age? (name 2) |
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Definition
increase in fibrous connective tissue around skeletal muscle cells. interferes with muscle movement and reduces blood circulation to muscle tissue. decreased glycogen and myoglobin
decrease in hormones associated with increase in muscle |
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Term
| what is a good predictor of later disability? |
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Definition
| hand grip strength at 45-68 |
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Term
| _____ is the ability to contract muscles repeatedly or to sustain a single contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| red muscle fibers are associated with ____ |
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Definition
| endurance and aerobic exercise |
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Term
| Red muscle fibers are red because they are rich in ____, which stores ____ in muscle cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Aerobic exercise does stimulates red muscle fibers to do what? |
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Definition
| more mitochondria, more myoglobin, and more capillaries |
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Term
| white muscle fibers store lots of ____ and produce ATP ____ |
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Definition
1. glycogen
2. anaerobically |
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Term
| how is excessive anaerobic exercise detrimental? |
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Definition
| catabolism of glucose leads to increase of lactic acid in blood and decreases fluid pH of extracellular and can shut off skeletal muscles |
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Term
| ____ is the ability to move the limbs through their normal range of motion |
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Definition
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Term
| the increase of connective tissue around muscles during old age is called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| stretching before a work-out is always beneficial. T or F? |
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Definition
| F. it may actually be detrimental and lead to injury |
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Term
| is maximum flexibility beneficial? what term is usually used to refer to flexibility? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is BMI used to categorize a person's health and degree of obesity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| people with a BMI > or = 25 are at increased risk for what? |
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Definition
| cardiovascular disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), hypertension, stroke, and some cancers |
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Term
| BMI is not a reliable measure of health for which groups of individuals? why? |
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Definition
| body builders, power athletes, older persons b/c can't distinguish b/t fat and muscle mass |
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Term
| how does the omron body fat analyzer measure body fat? |
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Definition
| sends a weak electric current thru body and measures resistance that body gives off as current flows thru |
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Term
| Which individuals would the Omron body fat analyzer measure inaccuately? What is the reason for each group? |
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Definition
1. overestimate: athletes with higher bone density
2. overestimate: dehydration, less water, less resistance
3. under estimate: excess water (pregnant women, ppl undergoing dialysis)
4. under estimate: elderly and women after menopause |
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Term
| describe 2 normal functions/benefits from having stretch reflexes |
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Definition
1. reacting to falling
2. balance, posture |
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Term
| how does reinforcement work? |
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Definition
| additional muscle activity reduces the resistance of synapses in reflex arcs throughout body |
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Term
| why is optimal flexibility recommended rather than maximal? |
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Definition
| may over stretch muscles, joints may pop out |
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Term
| what is the relationship b/t BMR and height? |
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Definition
| BMR increases with height |
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Term
| what is some body fat essential? what happens to women who have too little essential body fat? |
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Definition
1. cushions/protects internal organs; needed in bone marrow, cell membranes, myelin sheath, dissolve fat soluble vitamins
2. can't maintain reproductive system, amenorrhea |
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Term
| the ____ is the outermost covering of the eye and is composed primarily of _____ |
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Definition
1. fibrous tunic
2. collagen proteins |
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Term
| the anterior portion of the fibrous tissue is the ____ and the posterior portion is the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the white of the eye is called the ____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| why is the cornea transparent? |
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Definition
| collagen fibers are more regularly arranged and do not reflect light |
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Term
| ____ provide nutrients to the cornea |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what will happen if the cornea is not shaped properly or if it's not transparent? |
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Definition
| image won't reach a single focal point on retina and causes blurred vision |
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Term
| What 3 things is the vascular tunic made up of? |
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Definition
| iris, ciliary body, choroid |
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Term
| why is the choroid dark pigmented in humans? |
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Definition
| absorbs light so it doesn't reflect w/in eyeball |
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Term
| what is the shiny layer in the choroid of animals that enables them to better see in the dark? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ciliary body composed of? |
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Definition
| 1. ciliary processes and ciliary muscles |
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Term
| what is the ciliary muscle made of? what connects this muscle to the lens? |
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Definition
1. smooth muscle cells in a ring around the lens
2. suspensory ligaments |
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Term
| Describe how the ciliary muscle affects the shape of the lens. |
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Definition
When ciliary muscle (CM) contracts, suspensory ligaments (SL) loosen, and lens relaxes to it's thickest.
when CM relaxes, SL tighten, lens is stretched into thin, flat |
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Term
| what type of cells is the lens made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the lens is flat, it bends light ____ and when it is thick, it bends light ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| what accounts for an increased difficulty in seeing things closer and further away with old age? |
|
Definition
| decreased elasticity of lens, due to denaturation w/in cells of lens |
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|
Term
| what is the iris composed of? |
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Definition
| circular smooth muscle cells |
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Term
| _____ is a clear, jelly-like substance behind the lens and helps do what for the eye? |
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Definition
1. vitreous humor
2. maintains pressure, shape of eye, and helps focus light on retina |
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Term
| the ____, or ____ is the innermost are of the eye and contains what 3 things? |
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Definition
1. nervous tunic/retina
2. blood vessels, photoreceptor cells, sensory neurons |
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Term
| ____ produces and secretes aqueous humor |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ is the small yellowsih region in the center of the retina |
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Definition
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Term
| w/in the macula lutea is the _____ which only contains cones |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the densities of rods and cones change as you move away from the fovea centralis? |
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Definition
| cones decrease, rods increase |
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Term
| _____ is a small defect in the refracting surface of the lens or cornea |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a way to measure the ability of the lens to accommodate or refract light and measures what? |
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Definition
1. near point
2. the closest distance where one can see an object at sharp focus |
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Term
| ____ is used to test individuals for macular degeneration and should be used for ppl over the age of __ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some things that lead to macular degeneration (neurons w/in area begin to die off)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what accounts for the change in near point as we age? |
|
Definition
| decrease in elasticity of lens |
|
|
Term
| what is the healthy range for BMI? |
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Definition
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