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Definition
| cell membrane; gives the cell structure/integrity; allows things into and out of the cell; formed by hydrophobic lipids(inside layer) and hydrophillic phosphates |
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Definition
| Housed in the nucleus; contain genes |
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Definition
smooth - transport tubes to allow things into and out of the nucleus
rough - contains ribosomes |
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Definition
| Take genetic recipes (genes) and create proteins |
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Definition
| Takes genetic recipe out of the cells, through ribosome and creates protein |
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Definition
| Cell bodies with LOTS of ribosomes (black ribosomes with myelination cause gray color) |
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Definition
| "package" proteins, so they can be transported through/into/out of the cell |
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Term
| Anterograde (axonal) Transport |
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Definition
| Cell body to synaptic terminals |
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Term
| Retrograde (axonal) Transport |
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Definition
| Synaptic terminals up into cell body |
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Definition
| Produce energy/fuel for various aspects of cell function; have their own genetic material; hypothesized that they were once free organisms that "infected" other cells |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| Energy molecules produced by the mitochondria |
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Definition
-Manifestation of electrical charge in the cell, secondary to chemical messengers crossing the synapse between neurons.
- Occurs at the Nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
| Action Potential (Breakdown of what happens when) |
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Definition
A) -70mV; Resting potential; Na+ and Cl- outside of the cell; K+ and giant anions inside
A-B) Subthreshold depolarization
B) -65mV; Voltage-gated Na+ channels open
B-D) Na+ enters the cell
C) Voltage-gated K+ channels open; About -20mV
C-E) K+ ions leave the cell
D) Na+ channels close; +40mV
E) K+ channels close
E-F) Restoration of Resting Potential due to the sodium-potassium pump |
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Term
| Threshold of Excitation (Action Potential) |
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Definition
| -65mV; point when the Na+ channels open, so the action potential process can begin |
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Term
| Prerequisites of Action Potential |
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Definition
1) Diffusion - Spreading from areas of high concentration to low concentration
2) Electromagnetism - Ion = charged particle; Cation = positively charged ion; Anion = negatively charged ion; opposite forces attract; like charges repel; channel opens up, ions act accordingly
3) Sodium-Potassium Pump - clump of proteins embedded in membrane; grabs Na+ and moves them outside cell; pumps K+ in; always active; takes a lot of energy |
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Definition
| - Chemical that splits into charged particle in water |
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Definition
| the "dancing" of action potential down the axon, jumping from node to node |
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| Perceptions of Stimulation Intensity |
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Definition
1) Frequency/rate of firing
2) Number of axons involved |
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Term
| Advantages of Saltatory Conduction |
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Definition
1) Faster (~240 mph) since it does not have to travel down every portion of change
2) More economical (fewer places where action potential must occur; thus, requires less energy) |
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Term
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Definition
- Once conduction reaches the terminal button, it causes the entry of Ca2+ ions to the cell, this eventually causes neurotransmitter release from vesicles in terminal buttons
- Ca2+ breaks down bonding molecules that hold vesicles together, causing vesicles to move to the presynaptic membrane
- Vesicles then fuse to presynaptic membrane where they fuse with bonding site (fusion pore); causes vesicle to open and spill into the synapse
- Neurotransmitters move through the synapse to attach to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane |
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Term
| To prevent accumulation of neurotransmitters in the synapse |
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Definition
1) Reuptake - recycling of neurotransmitters for next action potential
2) Enzymes degrade neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
(1921)
- Experiment involving two anesthetized frogs w/ exposed hearts
- Stimulated vagus nerve of one frog causing heart to low; pulled fluid from frog A and injected into frog B
- Sense electricity cannot be transferred in such a way, fluid causing slowed heart in frog B must contain chemical signals to cause change |
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Term
| Excitatory Post-synaptic Potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
- Sub threshold depolarization on the postsynaptic membrane due to the entry of sodium ions
- Since, action potentials that occur on the dendrites are "graded potentials," they decay as they move along like electricity through a wire; these graded potentials must sum to -65mV to cause action potential in the axon |
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Term
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| - Land on postsynaptic membrane and open potassium channels, causing "hyperpolarizations" |
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Term
| Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) |
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Definition
| Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane caused by the exiting of K+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor causing direct opening of ion channel; fast, low-energy |
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Definition
| Receptor causing indirect opening of ion channel through a chemical process; slower, longer-lasting; MOST receptors to the brain |
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Definition
| Any drug, chemical, or enzyme that facilitates the post-synaptic action of a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| Any substance that hinders the postsynaptic action of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Steps Involved in Determining Agonist or Antagonist |
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Definition
"Sure can flow like Coolio. Redman's raps put ninjas down punk"
1) Synthesis of a neurotransmitter
2) Conduction of Action Potential
3) Axoplasmic Flow
4) Leaky Vessicles
5) Entry of Ca2+ into the cell
6) Release of neurotransmitter
7) Reuptake
8) Postsynaptic Receptor
9) Number of Postsynaptic Receptors
10) Enzymatic Destruction
11) Presynaptic Receptors |
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Term
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Definition
- Occurrs at the neuromuscular junction in relation to skeletal muscles
- Occurs at the target organize of the parasympathetic nervous syste
-Neurotransmiter at all "1st" synapses in the autonomic nervous system
- Consists of acetyl + choline
-Enzyme = Choline Acetyl Transferare (ACT) -> breaks down acetylcholine
- AchM = Nichonitic
- AchM = muscarinic
- Acetylcholine reuptake -> Acetylcholine Esterase |
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Term
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Definition
- Blocks AchN receptors (antagonist)
- Paralyzes skeletal muscles
- Medically, can be used for localized paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
- Disease of the thymus that causes blockage of AchN receptors (antagonist; acts like internally produced Curare)
- Classic Symptoms:
- Muscle Weakness
- Drooping Eyelids
- Weakness during exercise |
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Definition
- Blocks AchM receptors (antagonist)
- From extract of a flower native to Columbia
- Decreases self-control and causes amnesia
- Used for robberies in South America |
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Definition
- AchN agonist
- LD50 = 60mg
- Once used in insecticides |
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Definition
- AchM agonist
- Found in mushrooms
- Hallucinations, odd sensory perceptions, etc. |
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Definition
- Agonist
- Massive Ach release
- Causes paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
- Inhibit Ach degradation enzyme
- Limits reuptake -> allows for buildup of Ach
- e.g Physostigmine (treatment for Mysasthenia Gravis), Sevin Dust (insecticide; over aonizes Ach receptors), nerve gases (soman sarin; atropine is often used as an antagonist to combat the effects of nerve gas) |
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Term
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Definition
- Antagonist
- Blocks production of L-Dopa (by preventing action of tyrosine hydroxylase), preventing synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine
- Used in research |
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Term
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Definition
- Antagonist
- Makes vesicles leaky (preventing transmission of norepinephrine)
- Once used to treat snake bites and high blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
- Antagonist for dopamine, norephinephrine, and serotonin
- Enzyme which breaks them down |
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Term
| Halperidol; "Haldol," Clorpromazine |
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Definition
- Blocks postsynaptic receptors (especially dopamine) (antaggonist)
- Antipsychotics/neuroleptics
- Lead to sedation
- Clear up confusion/hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
- Blocks reuptake of monoamines (agonist)
- Similar drugs used to treat ADHD/ADD |
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Term
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Definition
- Blocks reuptake of monoamines (agonist)
- Also makes neurotransmission reuptake channels run in reverse
- Alertness, anti-slep, weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
- (1939) Ugo Cerletti
- Most effective for severe depression
- 40% more effective than placebo
- 75-80% of people who undergo multiple treatments have a decrease in depression |
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Term
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI) |
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Definition
- Inhibits breakdown of all monoamines (5HT, DA, NE)
- e.g. Parglyline, Parnate, Nardil
- Side Effects: Extreme dietary restruction (build-up of Tyramine)
- Drug INteractions
- First chemical treatment for depression |
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Term
| Tricyclic Antidepressants |
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Definition
-Imipramine, Amytriptaline, Lodamil, Doexpin
- Block reuptake of 5HT and NE
- Overdose potential; costly
- Unclear why some people have side effects and others don't |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors |
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Definition
- Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, Paxil
- In theory, only block reuptake of seretonin but realistically affect other neurotransmitters
- Cheaper/safer than other treatments
- Used for depression, bulimia, panic disorders, OCD
- Side Effects: Anxiety, agitation, insomnia, panic attacks, nausea, headache, GI disorder, sexual disfunction (inability to achieve orgasm), increased suicide risk |
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Term
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Definition
-NDRI (Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors; e.g. Buproprion/Welbutrin)
- SNRIs (Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) |
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