Term
| EEG Patterns: Alpha Waves |
|
Definition
| Rhythmic oscillations: recorded in awake individuals at rest with eyes closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frontal lobes, produced by visual stimuli and mental activity, evoked activity |
|
|
Term
| EEG Patterns: Theta Waves |
|
Definition
Temporal and occipital lobes, present in newbornes, present in adults indicating emotional stress or nervous breakdown.
Indicative of mental consciousness |
|
|
Term
| EEG Patterns: Delta waves |
|
Definition
| common in slee and in awake infant, has been considered indicative of brain damage in awake adult |
|
|
Term
| Does the autonomic nervous system involve the cortex/why? |
|
Definition
| No it does not involve processing, it just occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is the initial neuron called in the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What/where are somatic neurons |
|
Definition
| a type of motor (efferent) neuron that is voluntary movement, within the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic sytem originate where? |
|
Definition
| thoratic and lumbar levels of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system are where |
|
Definition
| the brain and the sacral level of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Where to parasympathetic NS send axons to? |
|
Definition
| ganglia near the effector organ |
|
|
Term
| What will always cause muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will cause heart rate to slow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is denervation hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the autonomic nervous system, a tissue releases a regulatory molecule that acts on another tissue in that organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the autonomic nervous system: one part of an organ releases chemicals that help to regulate another part of that same organ |
|
|
Term
| Define fenervatoin hypersensitivity (scientific sounding) |
|
Definition
| When an autonomic nerve is cut, the receptors of the nerve it innervates become hypersensitive to non-neuronal signaling molecules: hormonal control takes over the neuronal control |
|
|
Term
| Organs becoms hypersensitive to hormonal stimuli when they no longer receive _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ control takes over when you lose neuronal control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the sympathetic chain snapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the parasympathetic chain synapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta adregeneric receptors act through _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha adrenergic receptors act through ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vasoconstriction is due to what? |
|
Definition
| alpha adrenegeric receptors as well as Nitric Oxide |
|
|
Term
| beta versus alpha are _____ effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of alpha receptors leads to what physiolgical effect? |
|
Definition
| contraction of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| The vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nerves always results from __ ______ receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta adrenergic receptor responses: |
|
Definition
| stimulation produces relaxation of smooth muscle, bronchioles and uterus. Also increases contraction of cardiac smooth muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in muscarinic activation? |
|
Definition
| Muscarine activates, atropone is antagonistic, nerves are mixed nerves, except for those associated with senses |
|
|
Term
| What can atropine be used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is muscurinic excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Nitric Oxide formed? |
|
Definition
| An increase in [Ca] generates it |
|
|
Term
| T/F; nitric oxide has neurotransmitter properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is NO synthesized from? and where? |
|
Definition
| L-argenine at the presynaptic terminal |
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of overactivation of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| hypertension, excessive secretion, nervous tremor, migrane, anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receive a stimulus from a receptor and send it to the CNS (afferent) |
|
|
Term
| Where are first order neurons? |
|
Definition
| the cell bodies are usually in the dorsal root ganglia or the cranial nerve ganglie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in the spinal cord or brain stem: Carry information to the thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the thalamus: carries information from the thalamus to sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually in the sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| _________ are generated for all sensory neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three things can cutaneous receptors measure? |
|
Definition
| touch and pressure, heat and cold, pain (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors) |
|
|
Term
| Sensory adaptation refers to which receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory nerve endings are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a generator potential? |
|
Definition
| an EPSP in the sensory system |
|
|
Term
| What determines whether or not a cutaneous nociceptor will by myelinated or not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intuition behind why you need myelination in pain receptors? |
|
Definition
| pain is going to have to travel fast if the body can be injured by something, myelination allows it to move quickly!! |
|
|
Term
| Where does curaneous pain synapse? What is the neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| in the spinal cord, uses substance P or glutamate! |
|
|
Term
| Capsaicin receptor: talk about it |
|
Definition
| produces pain in response to heat, it is the molecule in hot peppers that makes them HOT |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between number of receptors in a given area and the receptive field? |
|
Definition
| more receptors = smaller receptive field |
|
|
Term
| What does the two point touch threshold test determine? What does it specifcially measure? |
|
Definition
| the minimum distance at which two points can be perceived as separate. Also, measures tactile acuity |
|
|
Term
| Receptive field is smallest where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lateral inhibition? |
|
Definition
| The idea that when something touches the skin, the receptors in the middle will be the strongest and as it moves toward the periphery, the sense diminishes |
|
|
Term
| What permits sharp, fine tuning of the stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system is connected to lateral inhibition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each taste bud consists of: |
|
Definition
| epithelial cells and microvilli |
|
|
Term
| microvilli act as ____ in the taste buds. How? (3 points on this card) |
|
Definition
| neurons. they depolarize and release neurotransmitters in response to a stimuli: Termed neural epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Where do taste sensations pass to, and what do they do synapse with and do there? |
|
Definition
| They pass to the medulla, the neurons will synapse with a second order neuron that projects to the thalamus. Then the third order neurons carry the signal to the sensory cortex devoted to the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Salty receptors: how do they work? |
|
Definition
| Influx of Na+, This will result in a depolarization of an epithelial cell |
|
|
Term
| Sour receptors: how do they work? |
|
Definition
| through movement of H+ ions through the cell |
|
|
Term
| Sweet and Bitter receptors: how do they work? |
|
Definition
| Through G proteins called gustducin. Second messenger systems avticated byt hese receptors depend on the agonist. (sugars activate adenylate cyclase) (Phenylalanine and cyclamate act through PLC and elevation of [Ca]) |
|
|
Term
| Where is smell located? (fancy name) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the signal transduction for smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is stimulus sent for smelling? |
|
Definition
| Directly to the cortex: no third order neuron in thalamus |
|
|
Term
| What neutralize toxic odorants in the nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often are new receptors generated in the nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is equilibrium accomplished by? (2 things) |
|
Definition
| vestibular apparatus and equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular apparati are filled with ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vestibular apparatus can be broken down into |
|
Definition
| semicircular canal, otolith organs |
|
|
Term
| What are the otolith organs: what type of movement do they detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of movement do semicircular canals detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sensing receptors for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you always have in the hair cells of the ears? |
|
Definition
| a basal rate of signaling |
|
|
Term
| Where are the signals by the movement of cilia in the ear sent to? |
|
Definition
| the vestibulocochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the patch of epithelium containing hair cells in the utricle and saccule |
|
|
Term
| What are the hair cells in the macule embedded in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of calcium carbonate in the ear function |
|
Definition
| helps to regulate or enhance the movement of the hair folicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the swelling at the base of the semicircular canal |
|
|
Term
| T/F Hair cells are located in the ampulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What things can sense all movements of teh human body |
|
Definition
| vestibular apparatus, semicircular canals, associated hair cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spinning and suddenly stops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection and alters the firing rate of the vestibularcochlear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Auricle) fullens sond to the external auditory meatus |
|
|
Term
| Sound is produced by what? |
|
Definition
| Waves of pressure --> Pressure causes movement of fluid in cochlea |
|
|
Term
| What produces different sounds? |
|
Definition
| variations in frequency, amplitude and phase |
|
|
Term
| The ____ is related to frequency: What kind of relationship do they have? |
|
Definition
| pitch: Direct relationship |
|
|
Term
| ____ of sound is related to amplitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distance a pressure wave travels depends on ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vibrations of the stapes and oval window are transmitted through the _____ as a pressure wave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressure waves are transmitted through the ____ to the _______ and then are detected by hair cells |
|
Definition
| vestibular membrane, basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
| The round window prevents buildup of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For every pressure change in the ____ window, the round window is _________________________ |
|
Definition
| oval, pushed in the opposite direction |
|
|
Term
| pitch discrimination is encoded by what? |
|
Definition
| the length of the cochlea transversed by the pressure waves |
|
|
Term
| What is conduction deafness? |
|
Definition
| damage to the tympanic membrane or ossicles: a result of otitis media or otosclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation or infection, accumulation of fluid in the middle ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone is resorbed and replaced that grows over the oval window and immobilizes the stapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impairment of sound transmission from the cochlea to the auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of sensorimotor deafness? |
|
Definition
| destruction of hair cells from loud noises (Mammalian hair cells cannot divide or be replaced once they are damaged) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms* of sensorimotor deafness |
|
Definition
| impairs the ability to hear certain pitches |
|
|
Term
| What is sensorimotor deafness detected by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you treat sensorimotor deafness |
|
Definition
| cochlear implants - electrical stimulated nerves in responses to sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when light passes from medium of one density into medium of a different density |
|
|
Term
| What does the refractive index measure? |
|
Definition
| way to measure the degree of refraction due to the differences in density |
|
|
Term
| Where is light refracted the most? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another factor that affects refraction? |
|
Definition
| the curvature of the surface |
|
|
Term
| The curvature of the cornea is _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Curvature of the lens is: |
|
Definition
| varied by muscles --> provides a fine tuning mechanism to control focus of light by the eyes. |
|
|
Term
| Refraction results in an _________ ________ to form on the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is visual acuity and how is it measured? |
|
Definition
| it refers to the sharpness of vision and it is measured by a test that sees if you can see two dots that are close to each other (the Snelling eye chart) |
|
|
Term
| What does visual acuity depend on? |
|
Definition
| refraction and the resolving power of the visual system |
|
|
Term
| How close can the dots be with high resolving power in the eyes? |
|
Definition
| very close and still distinguishable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal vision rays focus on retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nearsightedness: rays focus in front of retina: concave lenses would correct it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farsigntedness: rays focus behind the retina (Convex lenses correct it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rays to not cross: torric (shark-like) lenses correct it |
|
|
Term
| How can the eye maintain focus on a moving object? |
|
Definition
| accomidation- muscles change the shape of the lens to keep moving things in focus |
|
|
Term
| What is the near point of vision? |
|
Definition
| minimum distance from the eyes at which an object can be brought into focus (distance increases with age) |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by the reduced flexibility of lenses or change in attachment of the lens? |
|
Definition
| a change in refractor index |
|
|
Term
| TF accomidation is impaired in almost all individuals over age 45 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The retina is an extension of the brain _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outmost layer of the retina is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cones (it is the purple pigment) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to rhodopsin in the presence of light? |
|
Definition
| it is photobleached, The rhodopsin breaks down into opsin and trans-retinene |
|
|
Term
| What cells in the retina produce an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the retina, what do all cells except ganglia produce? |
|
Definition
| EPSPs and IPSPs, rods/cones/bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
| What do photoreceptors do in the dark, in retina cells? |
|
Definition
| Photoreceptors release an inhibitory neurotransmitter that hyperpolarizes bipolar neurons |
|
|
Term
| What does light do to photoreceptors in the retinal cells? |
|
Definition
| It inhibits the photoreceptors from releasing the inhibitory neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses follows a cause and effect sequence that is ____ of the usual way in which sensory stimuli are detected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does light cause the sodium channels to do? |
|
Definition
| close, hyperpolarizing the cell |
|
|
Term
| Cones are ____ sensitive to the light than rods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinene, which is associated with photopsins (different form of opsin dedicated to a specific absorption max) |
|
|
Term
| What causes color blindness? |
|
Definition
| congenital lack of one type of cone causes it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they have one type of cone |
|
|
Term
| What gene is color blindness linked to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the retina, it provides the highest visual acuity (clearest vision). located in the macula lutea |
|
|
Term
| the fovea contains only ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the fovea, the ganglion and bipolar cells are pushed aside so light falling in this area impinges directly on _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a 1:1 relationship between ___ and ____ in the fovea |
|
Definition
| cones and ganglia: suggests higher visual acuity. |
|
|
Term
| what is macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
| disease of the macula, cause blurryness, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90% of cases, unknown causes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only 10% of the cases, but 90% of the blindness |
|
|
Term
| stats about macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| mostly occur in women, risk increases with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laser treatment in wet, lutein (an antioxidant), control of hypertension |
|
|
Term
| Each cerebral hemisphere controls movements on the _________ side of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the eyes opposite triggering sides of the brain |
|
Definition
| the crossing over of fibers |
|
|
Term
| how is information communicated to both sides of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does right brain specialize in? |
|
Definition
| spatial perception and music |
|
|
Term
| Left side is associated with: |
|
Definition
| language and analytical ability |
|
|
Term
| The right side is associated with |
|
Definition
| limited verbal ability, visuospatial tasks, recognition, spacial perception, directions, pattern recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speech and language disorders caused by injury or stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speech is slow and and poorly articulated: slurred words - not a problem of motor control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concepts of words to be spoken originates here. Damage causes nonsense speech "word salad". |
|
|
Term
| Which damaged speech area is fluent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the brain does the limbic system encompass? |
|
Definition
| the amygdala and hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
1) emotions and motivation
2) smell center in lower vertebrates
3) Psychologically with the seat of it ID
4) Associated with agression, fear, feeding, sex, goal-oriented behavior
5) No control over emotions (there are few connections between limbic system and cortex)
6) site can be affected by drug addiction |
|
|
Term
| What brain structures have to do with memory? |
|
Definition
| cortex, hippocampus, thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skill learning, simple learning - are retained: Loss of memory |
|
|
Term
| What happens between the event and forming a short term memory |
|
Definition
| Membrane changes, receptor changes |
|
|
Term
| What are the changes between short term and long term memory? |
|
Definition
| Alterations in gene transcription, protein sysnthesis is required, occurs in temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in white matter, functions in control of voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| The thalamus (broad idea of what it does) |
|
Definition
| it is a relay system with many interneurons: it processes sensory information and coordination of responses |
|
|
Term
| What promotes alertness and waking from sleep? (brain section) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are hormones made by the hypothalamus stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor coordination: parkinsons |
|
|
Term
| What are all the names for the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| adenohypophysis, endocrine |
|
|
Term
| What are all the names for the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| neurohypophysis, neurocrine |
|
|
Term
| What hormones does the posterior secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones does the anterior secrete? |
|
Definition
| thyrotropic, adrenocorticotripic, gonadotropic, growth hormone, prolactin |
|
|
Term
| Functional centers of the midbrain |
|
Definition
| corpora quadrigemina, red nucleus, substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) supra colliculli: visual reflexes
2) inferious colliculli: relay center for auditory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the midbrain: motor movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Midbrain: motor coordination |
|
|
Term
| What are the two portions of the hindbrain |
|
Definition
| metencephalon and myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What make up the metencephalon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pons ( location and what they do ) |
|
Definition
| hindbrain: metencephalon: motor and sensory tracts, respiratory control centers |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum ( location and function ) |
|
Definition
| Hindbrain: metencephalon: coordination of movement |
|
|
Term
| Meyelencephalon is made up of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medulle oblongata ( location and functions ) |
|
Definition
hindbrain: myelencephalon:
1) vasomotor center
2) cardiac control center
3) respiratory center |
|
|
Term
| What does an EEG record? What is it defined by? |
|
Definition
| spontaneous brain activity, frequency |
|
|
Term
| Where does the EEG look at? |
|
Definition
| between hypothalamus and cortex |
|
|
Term
| What can diagnose epilepsy? |
|
Definition
|
|
