Term
| What are the functions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
- Warms and humidifies air
- Removes toxins
- Breathing
- Gas Exchange
- pH balance
- venous return
- Respiration vs respiratory system |
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Term
| How do alveoli aid in gas exchange? |
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Definition
- Large surface area
- short diffusion distance: 2 cell layers thick |
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Term
| How do muscles of the rib cage cause the lungs to expand? |
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Definition
| they stick to the pleura due to pressure differences |
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Term
| What must be maintained in order for the lungs to expand when chest cavity expands? |
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Definition
| the pressure in the space between the two pleura |
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Term
| Air flow is _____ related to the frictional resistance in the airways |
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Definition
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Term
| What separates the visceral pleura from the parietal pleura? |
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Definition
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Term
| What keeps the lungs pressed against the chest wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the diaphragm move as it contracts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Quiet inspiration is the contraction of: |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles assist in deep breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do intercostal muscles do in quiet inspiration? |
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Definition
| raise ribs and increase lateral thoracic volume |
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Term
| Is quiet expiration a passive or active process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the muscles during quiet expiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do lungs return to resting volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does quiet expiration do to pressure in alveoli |
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Definition
| raises it and forces air out |
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Term
| What muscles aid in forced expiration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common causes of pneumothorax? |
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Definition
| COPD or asthma, bronchitis |
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Term
| Why can lung no longer expand when air enters the pleural space? |
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Definition
| the pressure equilibrates |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the ease with which a structure such as the lung expands under pressure |
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Term
| What are the three physical properties of the lung? |
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Definition
| compliance, elasticity and surface tension |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tendency of the tissue to return to its original shape after stretch ( elastin ) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulated by fluid on the alveolar surface |
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Term
| An increase in surface tension raises the pressure in the ___ |
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Definition
| alveolus: and it needs to be kept thin, so this is a problem |
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Term
| What are the purposes of dipalmitoyl lecithin? |
|
Definition
- amphipathic : a surfactant
- Lowers surface tension
- Prevents alveoli from collapsing after expiration: less surface tension to overcome with next inspiration |
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Term
| What produces surfactant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disorder do premature babies get because of a lack of surfactant? |
|
Definition
| respiratory distress syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
| related to RDS - it decreases surfactant. this will increase capillary permeability which will lead to protein in the lung fluid. It decreases compliance and reduces surfactant concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreased surfactant, RDS? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chronic, progressive disease which alveolar tissue is destroyed |
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Term
|
Definition
| induces macrophages and leukocytes to increase secretion of proteolytic enzymes, which destroy alveoli and supporting structures |
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Term
| What is the result of emphysema? 5 things which lead to one thign |
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Definition
loss of elasticity, poor tethering and support of airways, air dlow obstruction and trapping of air:
Impair gas exchange |
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Term
| How is air flow impaired with emphysema |
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Definition
| airway thickening with inflammatory cells and edema. The lumen becomes obstructed as a result of increased secretions including mucous |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits proteolytic enzymes in the lung. With this, you cant inhibit trypsin which is bad for the lungs and is a genetically induced emphysema |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If the PO2 of inspired air is normal and arterial PO2 is low, gas exchange in the lungs is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PO2 evaluation important in? |
|
Definition
| evaluation of lung disease, evaluation of anesthesia, and hemoglobin. |
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Term
| At a PO2 of 100, hemoglobin is completely ____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a combination of dissolved oxygen and hemoglobin oxygen |
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Term
| Breathing from an oxygen tank does/does not generally effect the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| What does breathing from an O2 tank increase? |
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Definition
| PO2 in the blood and rate of diffusion of O2 to the tissues |
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Term
| What is the driving force of pulmonary circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary pressure is a ____ pressure system |
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Definition
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Term
| What prevents edema in the lungs? |
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Definition
| less filtration pressure in the alveoli |
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Term
| When does pulmonary hypertension occur? |
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Definition
| during failure of the left ventricle. Pressure rises in the lungs and pulmonary hypertension and edema result |
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Term
| If alveolar PO2 is low, what do pulmonary arterioles do? |
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Definition
| constrict. With low O2 content, the lungs prevent sending blood to those alveoli because they wouldn't get oxygenated! |
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Term
| If alveolar PO2 is high, the pulmonary arteries ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why do pulmonary arteries need to constrict/dilate depending on O2 content? |
|
Definition
| if not, they couldn't maintain the perfusion pressure. poorly ventilated would mix with ventilated and it would be bad |
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Term
| Hyperbaric O2 therapy will increase two things: |
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Definition
| increase PO2, and delivery of PO2 to tissue |
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Term
| What will hyperbaric O2 therapy not change? |
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Definition
| will not increase O2 or change hemoglobin boung to O2 |
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Term
| What is administered in hyperbaric O2 therapy? |
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Definition
| 100% O2 at 2-3 atm. pressure for varying lengths of time |
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Term
| What is hyperbaric O2 therapy used to treat? |
|
Definition
| conditions in which tissure anoxia may develop or to treat decompression illness: CO poisioning, Crush injury, Gangrene |
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Term
| What are the positive benefits of hyperbaric O2 therapy? |
|
Definition
| Kills anaerobes, promotes wound healing, reduces gas bubbles in decompression sickness |
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Term
| What are the negative effects of hyperbaric O2 therapy? |
|
Definition
| increased free radical production |
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Term
| What are the two descending pathways of motor neurons to control breathing? |
|
Definition
| voluntary breathing and involuntary breathing |
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Term
| Where is the rhythmicity enter and what does it control? |
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Definition
| in the medulla oblongata and it controls automatic breathing |
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Term
| What is in the rhythmicity center? |
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Definition
| Inspiratory neurons, Expiratory neurons and Pacemaker neurons |
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Term
| What happens to I neurons during expiraton? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the second rhythmicity center |
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Term
| What can take over respiration if the medulla is compromised? |
|
Definition
the pons:
Apneustic: I; stimulates I neurons
Pneumotaxic: E: (antagonizes apneustic center |
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Term
| What do chemoreceptors influence? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do chemoreceptors detect? |
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Definition
| changes in PO2, pH, and PCO2 |
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Term
| What are the two locations of the chemoreceptors? |
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Definition
| central in medulla, peripheral in the aorta and carotid bodies |
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Term
| What controls breathing indirectly? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
| hypoventilation: an increase in CO2 |
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|
Term
| What is respiratory alkalosis? |
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Definition
| caused by hyperventilation, a lack of carbonic acid |
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Term
| Chemoreceptors in the medulla sense arterial ____ and communicate with the respiratory control centers |
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Definition
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Term
| Immediate response to an increase in PCO2 is sensed by chemoreceptors in the ____ and ______ |
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Definition
| aortic and carotid bodies |
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Term
| An increase in PCO2 increases ____ <--what is that sensed by? |
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Definition
| H+, peripheral chemoreceptors |
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Term
| What is a sustained response in respiratory control due to? |
|
Definition
| activation of chemoreceptors in the medulla |
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Term
| Why can't H+ be sensed by chemoreceptors in the medulla? |
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Definition
| H+ can't cross the blood brain barrier |
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Term
| So how is the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid lowered? |
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Definition
| CO2 can pass the BBB and form carbonic acid which will lower the pH (this fall in pH is then sensed by chemoreceptors of the medulla) |
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|
Term
| What is a more sensitive measure of ventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to blood PCO2 in hyperventilation? |
|
Definition
| it decreases (hypocapnia- alkalosis) |
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Term
| Hypocapnia induces vasoconstriction in the brain which leads to: |
|
Definition
| ischemia, dizziness, and stimulates the chemoreceptors to further increase hyperventilation |
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Term
| Breathing into a paper bag does what: |
|
Definition
| causes the person to inhale more CO2: increases blood PCO2, promotes hypercapnia, and the brain vessels dilate |
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Term
| SIDS is believed to be caused from |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hypothesis of SIDS |
|
Definition
| due to respiratory control system failure or failure of sensors in carotid bodies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| put babies to sleep on their backs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin carrying O2, contains Iron group in heme |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin without oxygen. contains Fe in heme |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| oxidized hemoglobin. It can't bind or participate in O2 transport. Drugs and toxins increase numbers. |
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Term
| Nitrate compounds increase ___ |
|
Definition
| methemoglobin. <-- bind with CN rapidly |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains CO instead of O. stronger bond than oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin oxygen + dissolved oxygen. 20 ml/100 ml blood |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| O2 loading depends on 2 things: |
|
Definition
| PO2 and affinity (bond strength) between hemoglobin and oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At sea level, 100% of hemoglobin is bound to 02 TF |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Acidosis ____ affinity for O2 and hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affinity of hemoglobin for O2 |
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|
Term
| Alkalosis _____ affinity for hemoglobin to O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CO2: more CO2=more carbonic acid, more o2 delivered by hemoglobin (becuase increase in carb. acid will favor unloading) |
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|
Term
| What do RBCs use to produce energy? |
|
Definition
| the glycolytic pathway. 2,3-phosphogluceric acid is a side product (2,3 DPG) |
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Term
|
Definition
| stabilizes the hemoglobin in the deoxy form, which will favor unloading. |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood storage causes hemoglobin to lose affinity to metabolize glucose and produce 2,3 DPG (add energy substrates and phosphate sources for 2,3 DPG synthesis) |
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