Term
| Functions of your paranasal sinuses |
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Definition
1) Lighten the skull for postural adjustments
2) Provide resonance to the voice/audible sounds |
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Term
| What is stridor? When does it occur? What causes it? Who does it affect most often? |
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Definition
STRIDOR is a term used to describe noisy breathing and specifically refers to high-pitched crowing sound
Occurs when erratic (turbulent) air currents attempt to force their way through narrow breathing passages
Laryngomalacia (literally, "soft larynx") is a very common condition of infancy, in which the soft, immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation, causing airway obstruction. |
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Term
| What constitutes a functional anatomical unit of the lung? |
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Definition
Specific region is supplied by a specific segmental bronchus.
Bronchopulmonary segment represents the “anatonmical unit” of the lung |
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Term
| Physiological units of the lung: gas exchange zone. |
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Definition
Consists of terminal (TB)/respiratory bronchioles (RB)
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli (A) |
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Term
| Lung Fluids: periciliary, mucus and surfactant |
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Definition
Primary function periciliary and mucus secretions are to trap and remove foreign particles that enter the respiratory system
Fluid composition
Water (5 µm thick fluid layer)
Electrolytes
Depth of the fluid is maintained by chloride secretion and sodium absorption across the epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| openings of budding alveoli exchange air between each other (particularly important in emphysema) |
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Term
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Definition
| which connect respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchioles to airspaces supplied by other airways |
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Term
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Definition
Acetylcholine
Excitatory
Contraction of the smooth muscle
Increased secretion of Glycoprotein
viscous
Vagus |
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Term
| SYMPATHETICS OF THE LUNGS |
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Definition
Norepinephrine
Inhibitory
Relaxation of
smooth muscle
Watery secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| arises from the aorta and provides nourishment to the lung parenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| Recruitment and compressibility (distention) features of capillaries allow for large shifts in the volume of blood (reservoir for the cardiac output) |
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Term
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Definition
1) Blood returns to the right atrium via the bronchial veins and left atrium via pulmonary veins
2) Bronchial arteries (3) supply O2 rich, systemic blood to the lungs. Two to the left lung and 1 to the right lung |
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Term
| hemoptysis (coughing up blood) |
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Definition
is common in cystic fibrosis due to increased blood volume (10-20% of cardiac output) in bronchial circulation
erosion of the inflamed tissue 2nd to bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
| ARE NOT necessary for normal “passive” respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
Phospholipids (85-90%), neutral lipids, fatty acids, proteins (10-15%)
75% is the phospholipid called dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC)
Major component responsible for reducing surface tension
Phosphatidylglycerol assists with the distribution of DPPC over the surface of alveoli
Function is the reduce the WORK of breathing during the expansion of the lungs by equalizing the pressures in small and large alveoli!! |
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Term
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Definition
| is the collapse of the alveoli |
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Term
| Interdependence of alveoli also contributes to their stability |
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Definition
Refers to all alveoli except those on the pleural surface.
Collateral airflow within the
respiratory unit:
Pores of Kohn
Canals of Lambert
Allow air to reach under inflated alveoli |
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Term
| Dual circulation exists in the respiratory system |
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Definition
| Dual circulation exists in the respiratory system |
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Term
| Surface tension is reduced by the anti-stick properties of surfactant; reduction in the work of breathing |
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Definition
| Surface tension is reduced by the anti-stick properties of surfactant; reduction in the work of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
expiration is passive
Respiratory center is located in the medulla and it regulates respiration via inputs from specialized CO2 and O2 chemoreceptors, feedback loops and reflexes in the lung chest wall. |
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Term
| What determines lung volumes> |
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Definition
| The interactions between the lung and the chest wall determines lung volumes and static lung volumes play a major role in gas exchange and the work of breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the mechanical properties of the lung and chest wall where volume is NOT changing with time. |
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Term
| Determinants of Lung Volume |
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Definition
- High recoil properties of the lung parenchyma (lung vol. would shrink to ~10% of TLC in absence of chest wall)
- Recoil of the lung parenchyma is opposed by external force of the chest wall (increase to ~60% of the TLC in absence of lung parenchyma)
Thus lung volumes are determined by the “BALANCE” between the lung and the chest wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| RV occurs when the expiratory force is insufficient to further reduce the chest wall volume |
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