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Physio Exam 2
N/A
77
Physiology
Graduate
01/13/2011

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
External Respiration vs internal respiration
Definition

external - exchange of gase between the atmosphere and body tissues

internal - cellular oxidative metabolism

Term
Define ventilation and gas exchange
Definition

vent - movement of gas into and out of the lungs

gas exchange - occurs between lungs and blood and blood and tissues

Term
List primary and secondary functions of the respiratory system
Definition

primary - getting O2 in and CO2 out

 

secondary - sound production, defend against infection, act as blood resevoir, trap blood clots

Term

Functions of:

nose

paranasal sinuses

pharynx

larynx

 

Definition

nose - warm and moisten inspired air, filter large particles

paranasal - warm and moisten air, decrease weight of skull

pharynx - connection to middle ear

larynx - produces sound

 

Term
portion of the lung supplied by a primary respiratory bronchiole
Definition
acinus
Term
Sturcture that supports the alveoli
Definition
parenchyma
Term
Cells that secrete surfactant
Definition
Type 2 alveolar cells
Term
Type of cells that line the airway epithelium
Definition
pseudostrat ciliated columnar
Term
Define visceral pleura, parietal pleura, and pleural cavity
Definition

visceral - adheres to outer surface of lungs

parietal - ines thoracic walls

cavity - space between visc and pari

Term

What is RQ?

 

Equation and value in avg person

Definition

CO2 produced/O2 consumed

 

.8

Term
Minute volume/ventilation equation
Definition
V(dot)E = tidal volume x respiratory rate
Term
Equation for alveolar ventilation
Definition
VA = minute ventilation - dead space ventilation
Term
Important points about Poiseuilles Equation on airflow
Definition

directly proportional to the fourth power of the tube radius,

directly prop to driving pressure

inverse to viscosity

inverse to length

Term
PNS releases _____ which causes _______ of smooth muscle. This ______(increase/decrease) airway resistance.
Definition

Ach

constriction

increases

Term
SNS stimulation releases _______ and _______ which react with ________ receptors present in the airway smooth muscle. This causes smooth muscle to _______
Definition

epinephrine

norepinephrine

B2 adrenergic

relax

Term
This type of lung disease can be thought of as increases in airway resistance
Definition
obstructive
Term

Obstructive lung disease:

What happens to lung volumes?

Pulmonary function tests?

lung compliance?

airway resistance?

Definition

tlc, frc, and rv are all increased

fvc, fev1 and fvc/fev1 are decreased

compliance is not changed or increased

airway resistance increased

Term

Restrictive lung disease:

What happens to lung volumes?

Pulmonary function tests?

lung compliance?

airway resistance?

Definition
Everything is decreased except for FEV1/FVC which is increased
Term

When _____ contracts, vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity are increased and the lower rib margins are lifted and moved out

 

Definition
diaphragm
Term
nerve that innervates each side of the diaphragm
Definition
phrenic nerve
Term
muscles that pull the ribs downward and inward
Definition
internal intercostals
Term

The pressure within the pleural cavity exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity.

 

What does it do during inspiration?

Definition

intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure

 

Decreases and stays decreased until expriation begins

Term

Pressure within the alveoli

 

what happens to it during inspiration

Definition

intrapulmonary pressure

 

decreases initially to pull air in and then increases

Term
Why is airway resistance increased in patients with emphysema?
Definition
Airways are easily stretched open which can result in airway collapse (especially during expir)
Term
alveolar collapse
Definition
atelectasis
Term

Functions of surfactant

 

Definition

promotes stability of alveoli

 

increases lung compliance

 

reduces the alveolar surface tension

Term

% of nitrogen in air?

 

oxygen?

 

CO2?

Definition

Nitrogen - 79%

 O2 - 21%

CO2 - .03%

Term
Equation to find partial pressure
Definition

Px = Pb x Fx

(barometric pressure x fractional component of gas X)

 

Term
Henrys Law for the concentration of a dissolved gas in a liquid
Definition

Cx = Px x a

(partial pressure of gasx x its solubility)

Term
partial pressure of H2O at body temperature
Definition
47 mmHg
Term

Alveolar gas equation:

(pressure of O2 in alveoli)

Definition

PAO2 = PIO2 - (PACO2/RQ)

(partial pressure of inspired oxygen - (partial alveolar pressure of CO2 / respiratory quotient))

Term
What is the major determinant of the rate of gas transfer?
Definition
partial pressue gradients of O2 and CO2
Term
Increasing the blood PO2 will _____ the likelihood that ozygen will bind hemoglobin, this happens in the ______ capillaries
Definition
increase, pulmonary
Term
Four conditions that affect the shape of the O2-Hb dissociation curve
Definition
PCO2, pH, temp, and concentration of 2,3 DPG
Term
P50 is _______ when the O2-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right
Definition
increased
Term
A fall in pH, rise in PCO2, or rise in temp will shift the O2-Hb curve to the ________
Definition
right
Term
When the O2-Hb curve shifts to the left, there is a _______ in O2 affinity
Definition
increase
Term
Bohr Effect
Definition
decrease in O2 affinity of Hb when the pH of the blood falls
Term

2,3 DPG is plentiful in ________ and is produced there during __________.

 

An increase in the concentration of 2,3 DPG will shift the entire O2-Hb curve to the _______.

 

High 2,3 DPG concentrations will facilitate ______ of oxygen at the tissues

Definition

RBC, anaerobic respiration

 

right

 

unloading

Term
maximum amount of O2 that can be combined with Hb (term and equation)
Definition
O2 capacity = 1.34 x Hb concentration
Term
equation for oxygen content
Definition
O2 content = (1.34 x Hb concentration) + (.003 x PO2)
Term
type of hypoxia where the blood contains abnormally low O2. Hb is poorly saturated. Can occur at high altitudes, during hypoventilation, or when gas exchange is disrupted
Definition
hypoxic hypoxia
Term
Term for when blood is insufficient at the cellular level
Definition
hypoxia
Term
type of hypoxia where PO2 is normal but the Hb concentration is low. Oxygen capacity and content are reduced. Can be caused by CO poisoning.
Definition
anemic hypoxia
Term
type of hypoxia where there is a reduction in tissue blood flow. Could be due to decrease in cardiac output or due to obstruction of blood flow in a particular vascular bed
Definition
hypoperfusion hypoxia
Term

type of hypoxia that occurs when a toxic substance interferes with the ability of tissues to use O2. Amount of O2 in the blood is high but tissue consumption is low

 

Definition
Histotoxic hypoxia
Term
Where does the chemical reaction that forms bicarb take place?
Definition
within RBC
Term
Name the enzyme that accelerates the formation of bicarb
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
the membrane of RBCs are impermeable to which ion?
Definition
H+
Term
______ ions diffuse out of RBCs and are replaced by ________ ions. This is known as________
Definition

HCO3-

 

Cl-

 

Choride shift

Term
The fact that deoxy Hb increases its ability to carry CO2 is know as:
Definition
Haldane Effect
Term
When the pulmonary arterial or venous pressure increases, pulmonary vascular resistance _________. This effect is due to both _______ and ________
Definition

decreases
recruitment of new pulmonary beds

distension of already opened vessels

Term
If the surrounding P_ is greater than P_, the capillary will be squeezed shut and there will be no blood flow
Definition

PA

Pa

Term
Blood flow in zone 2 of lungs is determined by the difference between:
Definition
Pa and PA
Term
In systemic arterioles, decreased O2 causes ______ while in the pulmonary arterioles it causes _______
Definition

vasodilation

vasoconstriction

Term
Alveoli at the ____ of the lungs are better ventilated than the alveoli at the ______ of the lungs
Definition

base

apex

Term
the ventilation to perfusion ratio is ______ at the apex and _______ at the base
Definition

high

low

Term
Receptors in the brain that are responsible for generating the basic ryhtmic pattern of breathing
Definition
Medullary respiratory centers
Term
This area of the brain consists mostly of inspiratory neurons whose descending fibers synpase on motor neurons that control inspiration
Definition
dorsal respiratory group
Term
This area of the brain consists of both inspir and expir neurons
Definition
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Term
This special area at the rostral end of the VRG is thought to contain a network of neurons that is involved in the respiratory rhythm generating process
Definition
Pre-Bostzinger Complex
Term
Is an important autonomics intergrative center within the brainstem and has many cardio-respiratory afferents project to various parts
Definition
NTS (nucelus tractus solitarius)
Term
This center prolongs the inspiratory effect
Definition
apneustic center
Term
This area of the brain sends impulses to the apneustic center that help switch off the inspiratory effect
Definition
pneumotaxic center
Term
nerves that innervate the external intercostal muscles
Definition
intercostal nerves
Term
arterial chemoreceptors respond to specific changes in the _______
Definition
Blood PaO2
Term
Difference between type one and type 2 glomus cells
Definition
type1 have dopamine, type 2 dont
Term
Anemia doesnt stimulate ventilation because....
Definition
the partial pressure, not the content on O2 is the stimulus for increase discharge rate
Term
_______ are the most important receptors involved in minute to minute control on ventilation
Definition
central chemoreceptors
Term
Effect of increase in arterial pH on peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors
Definition
stimulates peripheral, does not affect central because H can cross blood brain barrier
Term
Effect of increase of arterial PCO2 on peripheral and central chemoreceptors
Definition
weakly stimulates the arterial, strongly stimulates the central
Term
These receptors are located within the smooth musc of the lungs, stretching of the lungs activates them
Definition
pulmonary stretch receptors
Term
reflex that cuts inspir short before lung overinflate
Definition
breuer-hering reflex
Term

receptors that lie between airway epithelial cells  and are stimulates by noxious gases, smoke, dust

 

Definition
irritant receptors
Term
receptors that are located in the lung inerstitium, excited by interstitial edem
Definition
pulmonary C fibers
Term
an increase in pulmoary ventilation that exceeds the bodys need for removal of CO2
Definition
hyperventilation
Term
ventilation that matches an increase in metaboic demand such as during exercise
Definition
hyperpnea
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