Term
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Definition
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Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine synonyms |
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Definition
| adrenaline and noradrenaline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| IGF (insulin-like growth factor) |
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Term
| hCS (human chorionic somatomammotropin)synonym |
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Definition
| hPL (human placental lactogen) |
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Term
| LHRH synonym (luteinizng hormone releasing hormone) |
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Definition
| GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) |
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Term
| Differences between endocrine and nervous system signaling processes |
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Definition
Endocrine: duration rather than speed
Nervous: rapid, precise |
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Term
| characteristics of endocrine signaling |
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Definition
• produced in one (or more) tissue or organ.
• usually released into the blood, and
carried to other organs.
• acts on a specific cellular receptor,
producing a characteristic response.
• Hormones may also have autocrine or
paracrine effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that acts like a given hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that opposes the action of a given hormone |
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Term
| 3 chemical classes of hormones |
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Definition
1. peptide & protein hormones
2. tyrosine derivatives
3. steroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Adrenal
• Endocrine Pancreas
• Ovaries
• Placenta
• Testes |
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Term
| hormones secreted by hypothalamus |
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Definition
-TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
-CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
-GnRH
-Somatostatin
-Dopamine |
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Term
| hormones released by anterior pituitary |
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Definition
-TSH
-FSH
-LH
-ACTH
-(MSH)
-Growth Hormone
-Prolactin |
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Term
| hormones released by posterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones released by thryoid |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones released by parathyroid |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones released by pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones released by adrenal medulla |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones released by kidney |
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Definition
-renin
-1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol |
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Term
| hormones secreted by adrenal cortex |
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Definition
-cortisol
-aldosterone
-adrenal androgens |
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Term
| hormones secreted by testes |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones secreted by ovaries |
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Definition
| estradiol and progesterone |
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Term
| hormones secreted by corpus luteum |
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Definition
| estradiol and progesterone |
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Term
| hormones secreted by placenta |
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Definition
-hCG
-hPL
-estradiol
-progesterone |
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Term
| types of cell-cell signaling |
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Definition
-autocrine
-paracrine
-endocrine
-neural |
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Term
| preprohormones and pre-hormones |
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Definition
Precursor of the hormone has signal peptide at N-terminus targeting
the growing peptide chain into the rough ER where the prepeptide is
cleaved to form the hormone
or prohormone. |
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Term
| prohormone definition and examples |
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Definition
Processed in the Golgi and as
they are packaged into secretory vesicles, they are cleaved at one or
more sites to yield active hormone
-ex. proopiomelanocortin (POMC)yields MSH & endorphin, propressophysin yields neurophysin & ADH, prothyrostropin releasing hormone yields TRH. |
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Term
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Definition
| epinephrine, thyroid hormones |
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Term
| characteristics of steroid hormones |
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Definition
-relatively hydrophobic/lipid soluble
-made from cholesterol
-6 categories: glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), mineralcorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), androgens (testosterone), estrogens (estradiol), progestins (progesterone), calciferol |
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Term
| comparison of hormone transport of peptide hormones vs. steroid hormones |
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Definition
peptides: dissolve in plasma, no transporters req'd (e.g. norepi)
steroids: don't dissolve in plasma, so need to be bound to plasma proteins; only small amount is unbound so tehre is large reservoir of bound hormone buffers rapid changes and slows clearance rate from plasma |
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Term
| Where are cellular receptors for peptide hormones and steroid hormones located? |
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Definition
peptide: outside cell
steroid: intracellular
hormone receptors = proteins; they are specific for specific hormone or set of hormones |
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Term
| What does dose response curve look like for decreased responsiveness? |
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Definition
| same curve but reaches plateau at lower point along Y axis (biological response) |
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Term
| What does dose response curve for decreased sensitivity look like? |
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Definition
| dose response curve shifted right along X axis (log hormone response) |
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Term
| examples of target tissue sensitivity/responsiveness changes |
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Definition
1. normal: TH and glucocorticoids inc catecholamine sensitivity
2. pathological: (could be due to receptor mutation or change in signaling pathway) decreased insulin response in DM type 2. |
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Term
| How measure hormone concentrations? |
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Definition
Either ELISA (Enzyme-Linked
ImmunoSorbent Assay) or RIA (Radioimmunoassay).
Either one sensitive and accurate. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Bind unknown hormone to
plastic surface.
2. Assay by binding enzyme-linked
antibody, then enzymatic-sensitive assay. |
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Term
| principles of hormone action |
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Definition
1. hormones interact with specific receptors
2. a cell will respond to a hormone only if it has right receptor (specificity of hormone action)
3. different cell types often respond to one hormone, dpends on characteristics of cell itself |
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Term
| What is the most abundant membrane receptor family in human genome? |
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Definition
GPCR
most water soluble hormones activate GPCRs |
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Term
| basic pathway of G protein signaling with Gs |
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Definition
Gs stimulates cAMP which stimulates PKA, which phosphoryllates substrates.
ex. glucagon, epi and norepi, FSH/LH, TSH
epi regulates glycogen degradation in skeletal muscle |
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Term
| basic pathway of protein signaling with Gq |
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Definition
Gq stimulates phospholipase C which stimulates PKC
examples are vasopressin, norepi/epi, histamine
ex. norepi regulation of muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
large number of growth factor receptors use this signaling method
ex. EGF, IGF, insulin, etc |
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Term
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Definition
single transmembrane receptor similar to RTKs
-acts via associated soluble protein tyrosine kinases
-activates STAT (franscription factor)
-slow action
-ex. GH, prolactin, cytokines, erythropoeitin, leptin |
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Term
| overview of posterior lobe |
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Definition
-stores hormones made in hypothalamus
-action potential releases hormones stored here
-supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus releases ADH/vassopressin
-paraventricular nucleus releases oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
-comes from posterior pituitary (stored there, made in hypothalamus)
-from supraoptic nucleus
-responsible for osmoregulation: water reabsorption in kidney, vasoconstrictor
-stimulated by hyperosmosis, volume depletion |
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Term
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Definition
-made in paraventricular nucleus, released by post pit
-causes milk ejection, uterine contraction |
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Term
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Definition
-cell type of ant pit that makes Growth Hormone
-target liver (IGF-1 synthesis), other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
-cell type in ant pit that makes prolactin
-targets mammary glands, other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
-cell type in ant pit that makes TSH
-targets thyroid gland, TSH receptor, follicle cells
-composed of alpha-GSU & TSH-beta |
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Term
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Definition
-cell type of ant pit that makes FSH and LH
-female: ovarian follicles
-male: testis |
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Term
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Definition
-cell type in ant pit that makes ACTH
-target is adrenal cortex (adrenal cortical steroids) |
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Term
| single chain hormones of ant pit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-made from gonatrope cells of ant pit
-composed of alpha-GSU & FSH-beta
-target FSH-receptor
-targets female ovarian granulosa cells
-targets male testes sertoli cells
-NOTE GSU is a glyoprotein subunit |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of alpha-GSU & LH-beta
-targets LH receptors
-targets luteinizing cells of mature graafian follicle
-targets male leydig cells in testes |
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Term
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Definition
| chorionic gonadotropin is a placental hormone, related to glycoprotein hormones |
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Term
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Definition
thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
-release stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus
-stimulates thyroid gland to make T3 and T4
-mechanism of action: Gs, cAMP, PKA |
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Term
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Definition
-released from ant pit
-negatively regulated by dopamine (hypothalamic prolactin release inhibitory hormone
-effects mammary development, milk production, inhibition of other hormones of repro system |
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Term
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Definition
-symptoms: infertility, galactorrhea (inapp milk production in female), amenorrhea, impotence/decreased libido
-treatment: bromocryptine (dopamine receptor agonists) or surgery |
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Term
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Definition
-positive and negative regulation via hypothalamic GHRH (+) and SRIF (somatostatin) (-)
-widespread direct effects on metaolism of proteins, fats, carbs
-indirect effects are growth promoting effects, mediated by somatomedin (IGF-1) released from liver. |
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Term
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Definition
-directly stimulates synthesis and secretion of GH by somatotropes
-binds to a somatotrope membrane receptor
-acts via G proteins coupled to cAMP and IP3/Ca second messenger |
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Term
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Definition
-binds to its own receptor on somatotropes
-acts by blocking action of GHRH
-acts via a receptor linked Gi protein that decreases cAMP |
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Term
| diabetogenic effects of GH |
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Definition
-insulin resistance
-decreased glucose uptake in muscle and adipose
-increased lipolysis |
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Term
| other effects of GH (non-diabetogenic) |
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Definition
-Na+ retention
-inc protein synthesis, epiphyseal growth |
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Term
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Definition
-stimulates IGF-1 formation in liver
-metabolic effects/anti-insulin (increases plasma glucose, stimulate lipolysis, diabetogenic effects observed in acromegaly)
-note: exerts some direct effect on growth but this occurs mostly thru IGF-1 |
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Term
| Effects of IGF-1/Somatomedin C |
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Definition
GROWTH:
-bone growth before epiphyseal closure
-cartilage growth (impt in acromegaly)
-visceral growth (macroglossia in acromegaly)
-increased protein synthesis (muscle)
METABOLIC EFFECTS:
-similar to insulin when IGF-1 overexpressed in injected animals
-increased glucose uptake/reduced plasma glucose
-lipolysis inhibited |
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Term
| regulation of GH secretion |
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Definition
-increases during childhood, peaks at growth spurt
STIMULATED BY:
-low glucose (via somatostain SRIF inhibition in hypothalamus), FA concentrations
-estrogen and testosterone
-arginine (signals ingested protein)
-GHRH release from hypothalamus
INHIBITORY:
-increased glucose and free FA concentrations
-somatostatin (inhibits pituitary)
-IGF-1 feedback inhibits pituitary and hypothalamus |
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Term
| when do peak levels of GH occur in sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does pulsatile prolactin increase? |
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Definition
| 1-2 hours into sleep, no particular phase |
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Term
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Definition
-deficiency of GH in childhood
-normal intellect
-proportional body
-as opposed to hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| overproduction of GH in childhood |
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Term
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Definition
overproduction of GH in adulthood
-does not effect length of most bones after epiphyseal closure
-usually caused by GH-secreting pituitary adenoma (benign tumor); can be treated with surgery, radiation, hormone agonists/antagonists |
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Term
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Definition
| insulin, glucagon, epi, cortisol, GH |
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Term
| What organs require glucose to function? |
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Definition
| brain, testes, erythrocytes and kidney medulla |
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Term
| Which organs prefer ketone bodies (fat products)? |
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Definition
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Term
basal plasma level of glucose?
Normal range? |
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Definition
-100 mg/dl (5 mM)
-btwn 80 and 120 mg/dl
-stays between 50 and 150 even in extreme conditions |
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Term
| How much more efficient is fat energy than that from glycogen |
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Definition
-6 x
-also fat yield 2 x the energy/gm than does glycogen
-also glycogen is hydrated
-glycogen is used for short term storage |
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