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the study of matter and energy and their relationships |
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a method of treating units as algebraic quantities, which can be cancelled; can be used to check that an answer will be in the correct units |
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all the valid digits in a measurement, the number of which indicates the measurement’s precision all non-zero are significant leading zeros are not captive and trailing are |
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a systematic method of observing, experimenting, and analyzing to answer questions about the natural world |
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an educated, testable guess about how variables are related |
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a well-established rule about the natural world that sums up, but doesn’t explain, a pattern in nature |
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an explanation based on numerous observations, supported by experimental results, that may explain why things may work the way they do |
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a comparison between an unknown quantity and a standard |
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a characteristic of a measured value describing the degree of exactness of a measurement |
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| a characteristic of a measured value that describes how well the results of a measurement agree with the "real" value, which is the accepted value, as measured by competent experiments |
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the factor that is changed or manipulated during an experiment |
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the factor in an experiment that depends on the independent variable |
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a line that best passes through or near graphed data; used to describe data and predict where new data will appear on the graph |
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a type of relationship that exists between two variables whose graphed data points lie on a straight line |
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a parabolic relationship that results when one variable depends on the square of another variable |
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a hyperbolic relationship that results when one variable depends on the inverse of another variable |
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a series of images showing the positions of a moving objects taken at regular (equal) time intervals |
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a simplified version of a motion diagram in which the moving object is replaced by a series of single points |
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| a system used to describe motion that gives the zero point location of the variable being studied and the direction in which the values of the variable increase |
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the point at which both variables in a coordinate system have the value zero |
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the separation between an object and the origin; it can be either positive or negative |
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a scalar quantity that describes how far an object is from the origin |
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quantities, such as position, that have both magnitude and direction |
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quantities, such as temperature or distance, that are just numbers without any direction |
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a vector that results from the sum of two other vectors; it always points from the first vector’s tail to the last vecto's tip |
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the difference between two times; final time- initial time |
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a change in position having both magnitude and direction; is equal to the final position minus the initial position |
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| a graph that can be used to determine an object’s velocity and position, as well as where and when two objects meet, by plotting the time data on the x-axis and the position data on the y-axis |
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the position of an object at any particular instant in time |
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the change in position, divided by the time during which the change occurred; the slope of an object's position time graph |
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how fast an object is moving; is the absolute value of the slope of an object’s position-time graph cant be negative |
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a measure of motion that tells the speed and direction of an object at a specific instant in time |
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a graph that can be used to plot the velocity of an object vs time and to determine the sign of an object's acceleration |
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the rate at which the velocity of an object changes |
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the change in an object’s velocity during a measurable time interval, divided by that specific time interval; measured in m/s2 |
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| instantaneous acceleration |
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the change in an object’s velocity at a specific instant of time |
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the motion of a body when air resistance is negligible and the motion can be considered due to the force of gravity alone |
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| acceleration due to gravity |
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| the acceleration of an object in free fall, resulting from the influence of Earth’s gravity; acceleration due to gravity on Earth, g, is 9.80 m/s2 toward the center of Earth |
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a push or pull exerted on an object that causes a change in motion; vector b/c it has both direction and magnitude |
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| a physical model that represents the forces acting on a system |
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the vector sum of all the forces on an object |
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states that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being accelerated |
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| states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and a moving object will continue moving in a straight line with constant speed, if and only if the net force acting on that object is zero |
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the tendency of an object to resist change |
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the condition in which the net force on an object is zero |
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the force experienced by an object, resulting from all the forces acting it, giving the object an acceleration |
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| an object's apparent weight of 0 that results when there are no control forces pushing up on the object |
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| the forces exerted by a fluid on an object moving through the fluid; depends on the object's motion and properties and the fluid's properties |
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the constant velocity of an object that is reached when the drag force equals the force of gravity |
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a pair of forces that are equal in strength, but opposite in direction |
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| states that all forces come in pairs and that the two forces in a pair act on different objects and are equal in strength and opposite in direction |
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the specific name for the force exerted by a rope or a string |
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the perpendicular contact force exerted by a surface on another object |
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projections of the component vectors |
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| the process of breaking a vector into its components |
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| the force exerted on one surface by a second surface when the two surfaces rub against one another because one or both of the surfaces are moving |
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the force exerted on one surface by a second surface when there is no motion between the two surfaces |
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| coefficiant of kinetic friction |
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the slope of a line, mk , between two surfaces, relating frictional force to normal force |
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| coefficient of static friction |
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| a dimensionless constant depending on the two surfaces in contact. It is used to calculate the maximum static frictional force that needs to be overcome before motion begins |
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a force that places an object in equilibrium; is the same magnitude as the resultant, but opposite in direction |
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