v₀sin(θ₁)=v₁sin(θ₀)

n₀sin(θ₀)=n₁sin(θ₁)

Critical angle:

sinθ_c=

Index of Refraction:

n=

Diverging (concave) Lense:

1. Parallel to x axis → away from focal point.

2. Through center of lense

* Imaginary, erect image

[image]

1. Parallel to x axis → toward focal point

2. Through center of lense

* real, inverted image

[image]

1. Parallel to x axis → toward focal point

2.Through focal point → parallel to x axis

*imaginary, erect image

[image]

1. Parallel to x axis → toward focal point.

2. Through focal point → parallel to x axis

* real, inverted image

[image]

Focal Point:

1/f=

=1/f₁+1/f₂+1/f₃+...

=1/p+1/q

(p=object distance)

(q=image distance)

Magnification factor:

M=

 M_max=

 M_min=

(for a telescope)

M=

=h'/h

=M₁M₂M₃

=1+25/f

=25/f

=-f₀/f_e

Angular Magnification:

M=

(2 slit experiment)

dsinθ_bright=

=mλ

(m=0,±1,±2...)

Polarizing angle:

tanθ_p=

Polarized intensity:

I=

Angular Resolution:

θ_min=