Term
|
Definition
Total pressure
Hydrostatic pressure at the surface of a fluid.
Gauge pressure + 1 atm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The rate of change in velocity. A vector. |
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|
Term
| Acceleration of gravity (g) |
|
Definition
| Near the surface of the Earth, g = 9.8 m/s2. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Not isometric. The structure of different animals are allometric. Causes deviations in sometric scaling laws. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of relationship of body size to other characteristics: shape, anatomy, behaviour, metabolisms, breathing, heart rate, cruising speed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The walls of arteries become weakened with age or disease, to the point that at peak blood pressure, the blood vessel balloons or bursts. Can be fatal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The change in angular velocity of a rotating object over time. All points in a rigid body have equal angular acceleration in a rotation. |
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Term
| Angular displacement (Δθ) |
|
Definition
| The change in angle in a rotation. Proportional to arc length. All points in a rigid body have equal angular displacement in the rotation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The rotational analog of momentum. A vector. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The angular displacement of a rotating object over time. Has units of radians per second, or revolutions per minute. All points in a rigid body have equal angular velocity in a rotation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The distance moved by a point in a rotation. Proportional to the angular displacement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any object placed in fluid experiences a buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid that object displaces. |
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Term
|
Definition
A unit of pressure
1 atm = 101.3 kPa |
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Term
|
Definition
| The distance travelled divided by elapsed time. |
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Term
| Average speed of flow (v) |
|
Definition
| The average speed of all streamlines in streamline flow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The rate of change of position. A vector. Negative or positive. Not to be confused with average speed. |
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Term
|
Definition
A unit of pressure
1 bar = 105 Pa |
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Term
|
Definition
| P/P0 = e-mg(h1 - h0)(kBT) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Compares atmospheric pressure between two altitudes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fluid has a lower pressure when it is flowing faster. Responsible for the phnomenon of lifting of wings, and curveballs in baseball. |
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Term
|
Definition
P + ½pv2 + pgh = contant
Used for ideal fluids with no viscosity, and no pressure drops across the tube. Used when there is a change in tube radius or elevation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The mechanics of living things, including deformable solids, and fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
| Objects which are perfect radiators or absorbers of all wavelengths within the spectral region of interest. |
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Term
|
Definition
Systolic/Diastolic
Measured in mmHg. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Applies to all kinds of energy states that molecules have. Identical to the modified barometric formula.
N2/N1 = e-(E2 - E1)/kBT = e-ΔE/kBT |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs in capillaries. Erythrocytes block the capillary, trapping small amounts of plasma between them, which have rapid flow in the centre that deflects towards the walls of the capillary. Facilitates rapid movement of nutrients and wastes across the capillary walls. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The level of stress at the fracture point. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A material which has an extensibility close to the elastic limit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A factor of 2 is used for gas bubbles in liquid. A factor of 4 is used for gas-filled liquid bubles in gas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An upward force which causes any object in fluid to seem weightless. |
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Term
|
Definition
The unit food energy is measured in. The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1ºC.
1 C = 4.186 J |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small vessels of the circulatory system. Have a diameter of 5 - 6 μm. |
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|
Term
| Canonical distribution function |
|
Definition
A function for the probability that a molecule in a system has energy of E or equivalent.
PE = (e-(E/kBT))/(Σe-(Ei/kBT)) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The major structural component of plants. A polymeric sugar. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The point at which force of gravity can be assumed to act on an extended object. The lower the centre of mass, the more stable an object is. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Does not actually exist. It seems as though objects are "pushed" away from the centre of the circle, but this is due to the constantly changing direction of motion of an object in circular motion. This illusion is due to having a non-inertial frame of reference. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A device used to separate substances in a solution or suspension according to their densities. Samples are rotated very rapidly in a circle: increasing centripetal acceleration. |
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Term
| Centripetal acceleration (ac) |
|
Definition
| The non-zero acceleratoin of an object in uniform circular motion. The direction is towards the centre of the circle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The mass of an object in uniform motion, times its centripetal acceleration. Always directed towards the centre of the circle. Not a real force, and is never included in a free body diagram. |
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Term
|
Definition
A unit of pressure used to measure lung pressure
1 cmH2O = 98 Pa |
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|
Term
| Coefficient of static friction (μs) |
|
Definition
| Depends on the nature and composition of both contacting surfaces. Rough or sticky surfaces increase the value. |
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|
Term
| Coefficeint of viscosity (η) |
|
Definition
| Depends on the composition of the fluid and other parameters such as temperature and pressure. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A major structural component of ligaments, bones, muscles, skin, and blood vessles. A fibrous protein. Has helical molecular arrangements. |
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Term
| Completely inelastic collision |
|
Definition
| A collision where the objects stick together after colliding. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Materials assembled from two or more chemical species. Most structural components of biological systems are composite materials. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When the force of tension is pushing into the object, rather than pulling it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tensile strain when an object is under compression. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tensile stress when an object is under compression. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Liquids and solids. Arise when attractive forces between molecules are relatively strong. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of heat through direct physical contact between two objects at different temperatures. |
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|
Term
| Conservation of angular momentum |
|
Definition
| Angular momentum is independent of time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one type to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Momentum is conserved when objects collide. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The work done by these force depends only on the coordinates of the points, not on the path followed by the object. Includs gravitational, electrical, and elastic forces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the curvature of the liquid-vapour interface of a droplet of liquid. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A process by which the physical movement of a fluid transfers heat from one location to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The mass per unit of volume. Affects hydrostatic pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
Brownian motion
Particle which are very small and/or have very similar density as their suspending medium are distributed evenly in the medium by thermal energy. Displacement as a result of thermally driven velocities. Can occur in 1D, 2D, or 3D. |
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Term
| Diffusion coefficient (D) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A non-Newtonian fluid. Fluids where viscosity increases with stress. Example: corn starch in water, Silly Putty. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The change in position of the object during its motion. Negative or positive. Not to be confused with distance traveled. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A material which has an extensibility which is much greater than the elastic limit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The object is moving, but velocity is constant. Kinetic friction is used. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A method for determining the diffusion coefficeint using laser light scattering. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The relationship of motion to the forces that cause it. Force and acceleration are considered constant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total kinetic energy is conserved. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When resiliance of a material is less than 100%, and follows a different strain curve when stress is decreased than when stress is increased. |
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Term
|
Definition
Yield point
The highest level of strain within the elastic range. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The range of strain between the proportional limit and elastic limit. If the stress is removed, the material will relax into its original length. All deformation is reversible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a solid material to undergo deformation without breaking or becoming permanently deformed. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Natural rubber"
A major structural component of ligaments. A fibrous proteins. Large extensibility. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Includes gravitational, electrical, chemical, nuclear, and mechanical energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When net force is zero. The object is at rest, or in uniform motion. |
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Term
|
Definition
Red blood cells
Have a diameter of 8 μm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The level of strain at the fracture point for a tensile stress. |
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Term
|
Definition
The flux of particles (J) is proportional to the concentration gradient.
J = -D(ΔC / Δx) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Liquids and gasses. Never reach an equilibrium; continue to deform when stress is applied. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Energy that enables animals to do muscular work. Stored in chemical bonds and is released when food is digested. Measured in calories. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vectors that act on objects to move them. |
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Term
|
Definition
Breaking point
The level of strain at which the material fractures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A coordinate system relative to the observer, which may be in motion in relation to the ground. |
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Term
|
Definition
| All bodies in free fall have the same acceleration. This was discovered by Galileo. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A force which opposes the relative sliding motion of two objects whose surfaces are in contact. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Equations that may be used when an objects has constant acceleraton. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal distribution
Distributions that depend on the Gaussian function. Forms a bell curve. The most probale, and average velocity is zero. Changing temperature widens the width of the bell curve. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Named after Johann Karl Friedrich Gauss.
N2/N1 = e-(mvx2/2kBT) |
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Term
|
Definition
| If the mass of the object is distributed uniformly, it is the same as the centre of mass. |
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|
Term
| Gravitational potential energy (U) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The heat of transformation to change a gas into a liquid. Has the same magnitude as heat of vaporization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The heat of transformation to change a solid into a liquid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The heat of transformation to change a liquid into a solid. Has the same magnitude as heat of fusion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Heat needed to be added or removed to change the phase of a substance with no change in temperature. Measured in J/kg. Includes heat of fusion, vaporization, condensation, and solidification. |
|
|
Term
| Heat of vaporization (Lv) |
|
Definition
| The heat of transformation to change a liquid into a gas. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When stress is sufficiently small, it is proportional to strain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease that affects premature infants. The lipoprotein surfactant in the lungs is absent. Molecules have high surcace tension, and alveoli collapse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A polysaccharide that controls the viscosity of synovial fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressure in a fluid that depends on depth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution which causes a decrease in volume of a cell placed in solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution which causes an increase in volume of a cell placed in the solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Has no frictional forces. Viscosity is zero. |
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Term
|
Definition
PV = nRT
R = 8.315 J/mol*K |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total kinetic energy after the collision is less than before the collision. Some energy is lost to heat and sound. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An object's resistance to changes in motion. Proportional to the mass of the object. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The magnitude of instantaneous velocity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The velocity at any specific instant in time. A vector. Positive or negative. For a curved path, instantaneous velocity is a tangent of the curve. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Has the same geometry, and different size. Used to suggest trends in living organisms: upper limits of size, function of organs and organelles, strength, speed, age, intelligence. Two isometric objects with a linear dimension twice that of the other, has 4 time as much surface area and 8 times as much volume. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution which causes no change in volume of a cell when placed in the solution. |
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|
Term
| Johann Karl Friedrich Gauss |
|
Definition
1777 - 1855
A German mathematician. Wrote the Gaussian function. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Friction that resists a change in velocity of an object, based on the coefficient of kinetic friction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The quantitative analysis of translational movement of molecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Translational contributions to motion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When deformations are small, Y is constant. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MIP/MEP
Measured in cmH2O |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A device which measures pressure. Commonly uses mercury, water, or oil. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Realized that collisions between pollen grains were what caused the chaotic motion Brown observed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A parameter of interest for Gaussian distributions. Increases with temperature. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sum of kinetic and gravitational potential energy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The branch of physics concerned with the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressure is measured in bars. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of fluid flow in small channels. Devices can be made to perform many functions: uniform emulsions, encapsulation, DNA/cell screening, and many applications. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A unit of pressure used to measure blood pressure.
1 mmHg = 132.8 Pa |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The perpendicular distance of the torque force from the pivot. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The limit of the sum of masses of each particle, times r2 of an object. SI unit is km*m2. Depends on the location of the axis of rotation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Capable of changing body shape, thereby changing the moment of inertia value when the axis of rotation is unchanged. Angular velocity changes. The energy for the increase in kinetic energy is from the effort put into changing shape. |
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Term
|
Definition
Resultant force
The sum of all forces on an objet. When net force is greater than zero, the object accelerates. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Apparent weight
The effective weight of an object in fluid
Vg(ρ - ρl) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The SI unit of force. The magnitude of force that produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 on a 1 kg object
1 N = 1 kg*m/s2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| A body remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is acted on by a non-zero force. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A hot body with no internal source of heat will cool off. Applies only for small changes in temperature. Can apply to large changes if the air is constantly moved past the cooling object.
T = TS + (TO - TS)e-κt |
|
|
Term
| Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation |
|
Definition
| Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force of FG, directed along the line between them. The magnitude of this force is proportional to the masses of the particles, and inversely proprotional to the distance between them. This law can be extended to apply to objects, as long as they have spherically symmetric mass distribution. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| If a force acting on an object is not zero, the object accelerates in the direction of the force. The magnitude of acceleration is proportional to the magnitude of the force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For every force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. It does not matter which of the two forces is considered the action and which is considered the reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A fluid that obeys the equation η = FΔy/AΔy
Includes water, alcohol, and liquid metals. Viscosity depends on temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The work done by these forces depends on the path followed by an object. Includes friction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| F = ma is tru in at least one direction. Kinetic friction is used. |
|
|
Term
| Non-inertial frame of reference |
|
Definition
| Causes the illusion of centrifugal "force". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fluid that does not obey the equaion η = FΔy/AΔy. Viscosity depends on: flow speed or shear stress. Includes thixotropic materials, synovial fluid, shear thinning materials, dilatant materials, and viscoelastic materials. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when velocity changes over time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Have an obtuse contact angle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ligament in a cow's neck which holds the head of the cow up with tension, acting along with the spinal cord. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Osmoles of solute per unit of mass of solvent. Units are moles/kg. Used for solutions in high concentrations, and eliminates temperature dependence. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The sum of the molarities of all solutes in a solution, measured in Osmoles (Os). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of solvent molecules across a semi-permeable membrane which prevents solute molecules from passing. Due to osmotic pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any molecule that cannot cross a biological membrane. Large molecules, charged organic molecules, and inorganic ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any molecule that can cross a biological membrane. Includes water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, small neutral molecules such as short chain alcohols and glycerol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1890, demonstrated the distribution of potential energy of particles suspended in liquid, using a suspension of gamboge. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Fulcrum
The fixed axis about which an object is free to rotate. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The fluid in which red blood cells are suspended. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The range of strain after the elastic limit. The material does not return to its original length when stress is removed. The object undergoes permanent deformation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A unit of velocity, named after Poiseuillie.
1 poise = 1 x 10-1 N*s/m2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Q = πr4(P1 - P2)/8ηL
Used when a fluid is viscous and the tube does not change radius. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate of change of energy. Measured in Watts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Magnitude of normal force per unit area. The same in evrey direction. Fluids exert pressure on any immersed surface. Units include atm, mmHg, bars, and cmH2O. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two-dimensional motion with constant acceleration. Acceleration is broken into its x and y components. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The level of strain after which Hooke's Law no longer applies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streamline flow which is not continuous and constant. The triangular area under the curve of Q vs. t gives volume of flow per beat. Example: heart-driven blood flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmission of heat energy through electromagnetic waves. May travel through a vacuum or transparent medium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of diffusion of particles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heat generated depends on mass, and heat loss depends on surface area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The velocity of an object in relation to an observer which may also be in motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The closeness of the strain curve for increasing and decreasing stress. 100% resilience produces an identical strain curve for both. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ρvavD/η
Turbulent flow usually occurs after a disturbance when this number exceeds 2000 (1000 if radius is used in calculations). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A body that does not change size or shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1827, observed that pollen grains in solution displayed random chaotic motion. Observed that the motion of the pollen grains could be influenced by temperature. |
|
|
Term
| Root mean square displacement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Root mean square velocity (rms) |
|
Definition
Must be a positive number
vx,rms = √v2x |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A contribution to motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Either in a state of rest, or in motion with constant angular velocity. The sum of torques exerted by the forces about any point is zero. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can occur in non-point objects. Different ponits of the body move in concentric circles about a stationary axis through the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of dimensional analysis. Used to study the effects of changes in size among otherwise similar organisms on body structure and function. Describes how different parts of a system change size as the whole system changes size. Example: the relative widths of the leg bones of land animals of different sizes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Analogous to Young's modulus, but for shear. Usually has a value 0.3 - 0.5 that of the Young's modulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strain resultant from shear strss. Layers of molecules are forced to slide past each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pair of equal and opposite forces are applied tangentially to opposite surfaces of a body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A non-Newtonian fluid. Becomes less viscous with more shear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance dissolved in a solvent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance in which a solute is dissolved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The density of a substance relative to water. |
|
|
Term
| Specific heat capacity (C) |
|
Definition
Specific heat
A characteristic of a substance and its state. Measured in J/kg*K. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device which measures blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The object is not moving. Static friction is used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exactly balanced friction so that the object remains at rest. Adjusts in response to applied force. |
|
|
Term
| Statistical thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| The canonical distribution function is a fundamental equation of this discipline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Laminar flow
Fluid moves along smooth lines. Velocity of flow is near zero near the walls, and fastest in the centre. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change from a solid to a gas. Occurs under certain conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with the surface energy of liquids. Causes circular bubbles, transpiration of plants, bugs walking on water, and enables us to breathe. Measured by holding a wire in place over a fluid and pulling upwards. Units are N/m. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid which fills the cavities of synovial joints in mammals, such as the knee. Viscosity decreases as the stress and velocity gradient increase, allowing for smooth joint operation. Problems lead to arthritis. Similar to blood plasma, but has less protein and contains hyaluronic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Tangential acceleration (at) |
|
Definition
| The instantaneous angular acceleration of a rotating object in the direction of the tangent of the circle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strain
The fractional chance in length of an object under tension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The level of strain at the fracture point for a tensile stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stress
The ratio of magnitude of the force of tension to the cross sectional area. SI units N/m2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The simiplest type of elastic behaviour. Stretching of an object when both its ends are pulled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maximum velocity of an object in freefall. Small objects reach terminal velocity very quickly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kBT
An term. Change in thermal energy can cause motion. |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| A non-Newtonian fluid. Substances that are fluid when they are in motion, and solid when still. Example: wet sand, non-splatter paint. |
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Moment
The effectiveness of a force at causing a rotation. The force times the distance from the pivot. Positive torque produces a counter-clockwise motion. Negative torques produce a clockwise motion. |
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| When shear force is applied tangentially to the circumference at one end of a cylindrical rod while the other end is held fixed. The rod will twist around its axis. |
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| When the flow rate exceeds a certain level, it becomes noisy and inefficient. The fluid swirls rather than flows in streamline. Generates heat, and vibrates pipes and joints. Can be suppressed by very smooth vessel walls. Cannot use Bernoulli's euqation or Poiseuille's Law. |
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| Used to measure the pressure differences between two gas chambers. |
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Definition
| The motion of an object moving at a constant speed in a circular path. Speed is constant, but direction is constantly changing. Velocity is tangent to the circle. |
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Definition
| Occurs at a constant velocity, a constant speed, in a straight line. Plots of x vs. t will be a straight line. Instantaneous velocity equals average velocity. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A non-Newtonian fluid. Materials which have different elastic properties depending on the rate at which stress is applied. |
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Definition
| The internal friction that occurs in fluids when there is flow. Most gasses and liquids have very low viscocity. Units are N*s/m2. |
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Av
Flow rate
Units are m3/s |
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Definition
The SI unit for power
1 W = 1 J/s |
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| The downward force of an object when the Earth's gravity is the only force acting on it. |
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Definition
| Gives the wavelength of the maximum spectral emittance (λm). |
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Definition
| Have an acute contact angle. |
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Definition
| Force times distance. Measured in Joules. |
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Definition
| The total work done on an object by all forces acting on it. Equals the change in the object's kinetic energy. A consequence of Newton's second law. |
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Definition
| The proportionality constant between stress and strain in Hooke's Law. Different for different materials. A measure of the strength or stiffness of a material. SI units are N/m2. |
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