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| Examples of simple harmonic motion |
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| Definition of simple harmonic motion |
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| a particle or mass oscillates about an equilibrium position and is subject to linear restoring force |
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| Hooke's law = Equation for a spring force |
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F = -kx
F is restoring force, k is constant and x is displacement from equilibrium |
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a = (-w^2)x
w is angular frequency |
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| Give the equation for w and state what it stands for |
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w is the angular frequency of a spring
w = 2(pi)f = sqrt(k/m) |
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| How is angular frequency measured? Give examples for 45*, 90*, 180*, and 360*. |
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Definition
In radians: 45*=pi/4
90* = pi/2
180* = pi
360* = 2pi |
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| other equivalents for angular frequency |
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| w = 2(pi)f = 2(pi)/T = sqrt(k/m) |
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| Equation for a period (oscillation period) |
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| The time it takes to complete one cycle is T = 1/f |
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| Potential energy of a spring |
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| Kinetic energy of a spring |
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| Simple pendulum restoring force equation |
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| angular momentum of a pendulum |
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| Force constant k for a mass-spring system |
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| force constant k for a simple pendulum |
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| period T for a mass spring system |
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| period T for a simple pendulum |
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| angular frequency of a simple pendulum |
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| frequency f for a mass spring system |
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| frequency f for a simple pendulum |
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| 1/T = w/2(pi) = (1/2pi)(sqrt(g/L)) |
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| kinetic energy K of a simple pendulum |
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| Maximum kinetic energy occurs where in a spring system? |
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| at x = 0, kinetic energy is at its maximum |
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| Maximum kinetic energy k occurs where in a simple pendulum? |
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| at theta = 0, kinetic energy will be at its maximum in a simple pendulum system |
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| Potential energy U of a simple pendulum |
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| Maximum potential energy of a simple pendulum occurs where? |
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| at the maximum value of theta, the potential energy will be at its maximum |
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| Where will the maximum potential energy occur in a spring system? |
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| The maximum potential energy will occur when the maximum displacement has been reached, x = +/-X |
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| Where will maximum acceleration be obtained in a simple pendulum? |
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| At the maximum value of theta, the maximum acceleration will occur in a simple pendulum |
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| Where will maximum acceleration be obtained in a mass-spring system? |
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| At the maximum displacement, the acceleration is the greatest. |
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| Displacement of a particle at y on a wave can be plotted against each point x as it moves along; give this in an equation |
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| simple amplitude, or maximum displacement |
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| define k as it relates to waves (not spring constant) |
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| define lambda as it pertains to waves |
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| lambda is the wavelength of a wave |
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| define f, frequency, as it pertains to a wave |
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| f is the number of waves that pass a stationary point per second |
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| define v, velocity, as it pertains to a wave |
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| v is the speed of the wave as it relates to frequency and wavelength |
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| Give the equation and equivalent equations for velocity, v, of a wave |
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| v = f(lambda) = (lambda)/T = w/k |
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| give equation for k, wavenumber |
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| points where amplitude is zero at all times |
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| points midway between nodes; here, the point on the wave fluctuates with maximum amplitude |
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| Another way to describe frequency of a pendulum |
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| When is a pendulum resonating? This is also true of waves. |
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| A pendulum or wave is resonating when some periodic force applied to it is about equal to the system's natural frequency. |
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| When a system is resonating, what can be said about its amplitude of oscillation? |
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| Amplitude will be at its maximum. |
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| what is speed of sound directly proportional to? |
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| what is the speed of sound inversely proportional to? |
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| the density of the medium through which it travels |
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| Through which medium does sound travel the fastest? |
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| Through which medium does sound travel the slowest? |
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| What is the speed of sound in air at 0*C? |
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| What is the audible range of sound? |
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| Give definitions of sound below 20 Hz and sound above 20,000 Hz |
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| infrasonic is below 20 Hz, ultrasonic is above 20,000 Hz |
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| Particles of a material are perturbed to form waves of particles with small differences of compression and decompression (or rarefaction) |
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| How is intensity of sound measured? Describe and give equation |
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Intensity is the rate per unit area of which energy transfer occurs perpendicular across a surface.
I = P/A |
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| What are the SI units of intensity, I? |
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| Give equation for determining the power of the sound wave as it hits some surface. |
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| Intensity is ________ proportional to (amplitude^2) |
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| Intensity is _________ proportional to (distance^2) from the source of sound |
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| How do we describe sound levels? |
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| sound level = beta, decibels |
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| Give the equation for decibels |
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| This is the ratio of intensity at a certain point to the original intensity |
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| Give equation for figuring out difference sound levels |
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| Beta(f) = Beta(i) + 10 log(If/Io) |
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| this is the ratio of final intensity of original intensity |
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| also called law of inertia; a body in motion or at rest will remain so unless acted upon by a net force |
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| newton's second law (words + math) |
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when a net force is applied to a body of mass the body will accelerate in same direction as that force.
Expressed mathematically as F = ma (1N = 1 kg*m/s^2) |
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| Newton's third law (words + math) |
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if a body A exerts a force on a body B then B will exert a force back onto A that is equal in magnitude (but opposite direction) [law of action and reaction]
Fb = -Fa |
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| Newton's law of gravitation; what other law does this resemble? |
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F = Gm1m2/r^2
resembles coulomb's law: F = kq1q2/r^2 |
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| What is the formula for acceleration of uniform circular motion? |
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| What is the formula for mass of uniform circular motion |
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| What is the first condition of equilibrium? |
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| an object is in translational equilibrium when the sum of forces acting on it are counterbalanced by the sum of forces from an opposite direction [SigmaF = 0] |
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| Is displacement dependent on path? |
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| no, all that matters is the net distance traveled. |
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| name all five equations for linear motion |
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Definition
v = vo + at
delta x = vot +1/2at^2
v^2 = vo^2 + 2a(delta x)
v(avg) = (vo+v)/2
delta x = vt = ((vo + v)/2)t |
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| projectile motion: vertical component of velocity |
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| projectile motion: horizontal component of velocity |
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| electric potential energy U of a charge q |
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at a point in space, the potential energy is the amount of work required to move it from infinity to that point
U = q(deltaV) = qEd = (kq1Q)/r
SI: Joule |
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Definition
this is the amount of work required to move a positive test charge, qo, from infinity to a particular point divided by the test charge:
V = W/qo (SI: Volt = J/C) |
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| Archimede's principle: explain and give equation |
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The bouyant force = weight of the displaced fluid
Fbuoyant = ρfluid g vsubmerged |
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| P + 1/2ρv2 + ρgh = constantt |
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| Pg = Pabsolute - Penvironment |
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ρsubstance / ρwater
There are no units for specific gravity! (the two rho's cancel one another) |
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| Aboslute pressure in a flui due to gravity somewhere below the surface is given by this equation |
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| Describe the force felt by a particle in a magnetic field |
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| Define the magnetic field B through a loop of wire (solenoid) |
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| Define the magnetic field B around a straight wire |
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| At any junction within a circuit, the sum of current flowing into that point must equal the current leaving |
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| The sum of voltage sources equals the sum of voltage drops around a closed circuit loop |
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| Describe the fundamental frequency |
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| This is the first harmonic; it has the lowest frequency and the longest wavelength of a standing wave supported in a given length of string |
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| Describe wavelength (λ) in terms of L and n (L is length of string and n is some whole number interger 1, 2, ...) |
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| describe frequency f of a string using n, v, and L |
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| describe frequency of a string, f, using v and λ |
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| What is the SI unit of a magnetic field, B? |
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| Define 1 gauss in terms of Teslas |
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| what are the three conditions necessary for a particle to feel the force of a magnetic field? |
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1. The particle must have a nonzero charge
2. The particle must have some velocity
3. The particle must not be travelling parallel or antiparallel to the current-carrying wire. |
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| In what direction will a particle travel when placed in a uniform magnetic field? |
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| It was travel in a circle |
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| If Fmagnetic = m*a, and the particle is undergoing centripetal acceleration in the magnetic field, then qvB = ? |
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| qvB = m*(v2/r) since centripetal acceleration = v2/r |
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| What is the radius of the circle a particle will travel when placed in a uniform magnetic field? |
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| What if we were to place a current-carrying wire into a magnetic field? How would we interpret the magnitude of force? |
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| In which direction do positive charges flow with regard to a current? |
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| Positive charges flow with a current, negative charges flow against it. |
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| Define resistance with respect to the resistivity of a material |
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Definition
ρ is resistivity of a material
R = ρL / A
L is length of resistor
A is cross sectional area of resistor |
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| Is the voltage drop across a resistor directly or inversely proportional to the current passing through it? |
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| Directly proportional--this is the basis of Ohm's law |
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| Define voltage drop in an equation |
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Voltage drop = current x resistance
V = IR
*OHM'S LAW* |
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I = Δq/Δt
I = C/s
C/s = ampere (SI unit of current) |
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Ohms!
1 Ω = V/A (volts/amperes) |
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Find the heat given off by a resistor in one minute, given 3 amps and a resistance of 5 ohms.
step 1: equation
step 2: give equivalent
step 3: solve |
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Definition
Energy = Power x time
E = Pt
P = I2R
(plug in)
E = I2Rt
E = (32)(5Ω)(60seconds)
E = 9 x 300 = 2700 Joules |
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| Give SI units of a Farad, F |
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| Give current RMS in equation |
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| Give voltage RMS in equation |
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| Give equation for electric power gained from current and resistance |
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P = I2R
As resistance increases, energy dissipates at a faster rate |
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| Give equation for entropy change given a reversible process |
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ΔS = Q/T = HL + m/T
HL is latent heat
m is mass
T is constant temperature |
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