Term
| FINER method for evaluating research questions. What are the 5 questions? |
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Definition
feasible? - financial or time constraints
interesting?
novel? - is it new
ethical?
relevant? |
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Term
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Definition
| If something is accurate it is able to measure the true value. If something is precise it is able to read consistently within a narrow range. |
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Definition
| randomizing the placement of individuals into control or placebo groups so differences in age, gender, etc. are accounted and controlled for. |
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Definition
single blind - either only the patient or the assessor is blinded to which group the subject is in
double blind - all are blind to what group the subject is in |
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Term
| What are the three categories of observational studies? Can observational studies demonstrate causality? |
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Definition
Cohort studies, Cross-sectional studies, and case-control studies.
Observation studies can't demonstrate causality but they can demonstrate the tendency toward causality by Hill's criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects are sorted into two groups based on exposures and assessed at various intervals to determine outcome. ie a study that looks at 100 smokers and 100 nonsmokers for 20 years counting the number of subjects who develop lung cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| attempt to categorize patients into different groups at a single point in time. prevalence of lung cancer in smokers and nonsmokers at a given point |
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Definition
| start by identifying the number of subjects with or without the outcome and look backwards to assess their exposure to a particular risk factor. ie 100 patients with lung cancer and 100 patients without are assessed for smoking history |
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Term
| Hill's criteria, What are they? |
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Definition
Temporality - independent variable must come before dependent variable (exposure before outcome)
Strength - the variability in outcome that is explained by exposure, the more likely the relationship is causal
Dose-response relationship - as independent variable increases, response increased proportionally
Consistency - relationship found to be similar in multiple settings
Plausibility - reasonable mechanism for independent to impact dependent
consideration of alternative explanations - must eliminate other plausible explanations
Experiment - if it can be performed causal relationship can be determined conclusively
specificity - change in outcome is only produced by an associated change in independent variable
Coherence - new data and hypothesis are consistent with the current state of scientific knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| bias in which the sample differs from the population, most common type of bias |
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Definition
| arises from educated professional using their knowledge in an inconsistent way by searching for outcomes disproportionately in certain populations |
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Definition
| observation bias, happens when the behavior of study participants is altered because they recognize they are being studied |
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Definition
| a data analysis error that results from a common connect of both the independent and dependent variables to the confounding variable |
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Term
| What are the four core ethical tenets of medicine? |
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Definition
Beneficence - do good
Nonmaleficence - do no harm
Autonomy - respect patient's decisions
Justice - distribute healthcare resources fairly |
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Term
| What are the three necessary pillars of research ethics? |
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Definition
Respect for persons - includes autonomy, informed consent and confidentiality
Justice - dictates which study questions you can pursue and which subjects to use
Beneficence - do the most good with least harm and have equipoise (the assumption that there is not one treatment that is better than the other) |
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Term
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Definition
| population is the entire group of people that satisfy the attributes of interest while samples is any group taken from the population that doesn't include the whole population. |
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Term
| statistical vs. clinical significance |
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Definition
| a treatment could lower blood pressure by 1 mmHg and be statistically significant but this would not likely change patient outcomes |
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