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| all numerical values should have corresponding____ |
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| cm squared, feet squared, etc |
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| T/F percent is not a unit |
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| increase by a factor of means |
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| to multiply by that number |
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| decrease by a factor of means |
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| name the metric system and the corresponding powers |
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| The great(^9) majestic(^6) king(^3) henry(^2) died(^1) unexpectdely(^0) drinking(^-1) chocolate(^-2) malted(^-3) milk(^-6) not(^-9) pepsi() |
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| micro is what power and what decimal notation? (ex 10^2, 100) |
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| how much bigger is a billion than a million? |
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| how many milliliters are contained in a jar filled with 5 liters of fluid?? |
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| how many liters are in 80 ml of fluid? |
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| what is 10^-6 divided by 10^-3 |
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| what is 10^-6 sec/10^-3 sec? |
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| acoustic propagation properties are... |
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| the effects of the medium upon the sound wave |
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| biological effects are.... |
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| the effects of the sound wave upon the biological tissues |
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| compressions are in increase in______ or ___________. |
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| rarefactions are a decrease in _______or________ |
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| T/F sound must travel through a medium and is amechanical, longitudinal wave that travels in a straight line. |
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| T/F: acoustic variables identify certain sound waves as sound waves |
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| what are the characteristics of an acoustic variable? |
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| pressure, density, distance, temperature |
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| define pressure and give its units. |
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pressure is the concentration of force within an area, force/area. units= pascals(Pa)
NOT MMHG |
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| what are the parameters that describe a sound wave? |
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| period, freq, amplitude, power, intensity, speed, wavelength |
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| period: define, units, typical values, determine by, change by sonographer? |
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| =time recquired to complete a single cycle. units=time, typical values=0.1 to 0.5 micro sec, determined by sound source, sonographer cannot change. |
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| define frequency and units |
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| number of certain events that occur in a particular time duration. units= per second, hertz |
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| frequency typical values, determined by, and can it be changed by the sonographer? |
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| typical values= 2MHz-10 MHz, determine by the sound source, cannot be changed by the sonographer. |
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| A wave with the frequency exceeding 20,000 Hz (20KHz) is what type of sound |
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| audible sound is between what frequencies? |
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| sound with frequencies less than 20 Hz is? |
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| how are frequency and period related? |
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| p= 1/f, so they are inveresly related. |
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| define amplitude and its units |
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the difference between the avg value and the max value of an acoustic variable.
units= acoutic variables (PDDT), decibels |
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| amplitude; is determined by, can it be changed by the sonographer? |
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determined by the sound source,
can be changed by the sonogrpaher |
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| what is power and its units? |
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| the rate that work is preformed, or the rate of energy transfer. untis= watts |
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| power is determined by the, can it be changed bythe sonographer? |
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| determined by the sound source, yes it can be changed by the sonographer |
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| how are power and amplitude related? |
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| power is proportional to amplitude squared. |
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| if the amplitude is doubled, what happens to the power? |
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| define intensity and its unites |
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| it is the concentration of energy in a sound beam. units= watts/cm^2 |
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| what is the intensity equation? |
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| I=power(watts)/area(cm^2) |
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| what is intenisty determined by and can a sonographer change it? |
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| determined by the sound source, and yes a sonographer can change it. |
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| typical value of intensity? |
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| T/F intensity decreases as sound propigates through the body |
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| what is the relationship of intensity and amplitude? |
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| intensity is related to amp^2 |
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| define waveleangth and its units |
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| it is the length or distance of a single cycle. units=length |
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| wavelength: determined by, can sonographer change it? |
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| determined by BOTH sound source and medium, cannot be changed by the sonographer |
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| wavelength typical values |
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| 0.1-0.8 mm (in soft tissue) |
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| what is the equation for wavelength? |
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| wavelength= prop speed (c)/ frequency(MHz) |
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| so soft tissue has a wavelength of 1.54mm with 1 MHz, what is the wavelegth of soft tissue with 2 MHz? |
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| rate at which sound travels through a medium. units= m/sec. determined by prop speed, and sonographer cannot change |
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| what is the prop speed of soft tissue? |
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| how are speed and wavelength related? |
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| directly. fast speed/medium, long wavelength |
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| what is the order of tissue propigation speeds (hint, a fat bloody....) |
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a fat(1450) bloody waiter served(1540) bloody mashed bone(2000-4000).
*m/s |
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how are stiffness and density related to speed?
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S&S- directy related
S&D - inversly related |
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| what are other names for density? |
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| compressability, elasticity |
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| is bulk modulus the same as stiffness? |
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| what is the equation for speed? |
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| T/F you need to waves to create interferance? |
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| T/F: in diagnostic U/S imaging, short bursts, or pulses, of acoustic energy are used to create anatomic images |
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| a pulse is a collection of cycles that trave together. composed of on and off times. |
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| what are the 5 parameters of pulsed U/S |
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| pulse duration, PRP, PRF, SPL, Duty factor |
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define pulse duration:
units |
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| the time from start of a pulse to the end of that pulse, the actual time that the pulse is ON. units=time |
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| pulse duration: determined by, change by sonographer, typical values |
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| determined by sound source, sonographer change. typical values=0.5-3microsec, a pulse is comprised of 2-4 cycles |
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| pulsed duration equation: |
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Pd= #cyces in pulse x period
Pd= #cycles in pulse/freq |
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the time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next pulse. one on time and one off time.
units =time |
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| PRP: determined by, can sonographer change, typical values |
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| determined by sound source, yes sonographer can change, typical values= 100microsec to 1msec |
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| PRF is the number of pulses that occur in one second. units= Hz, per second |
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| PRF: determined by, can sonogrpaher change, typical values |
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| determined by sound source, yes sonographer can change, tpyical values=1,000-10,000Hz (1-10KHz) |
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| how is PRP and PRF related? |
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| they are inversely related. increase PRP/depth and you decrease PRF |
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| define Duty Factor and units |
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| the percetage/fraction of time that the system transmitts sound. UNITLESS (%) |
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| DF: determine by, can sonographer change it, typical values |
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| determined by the sound source, yes the sonographer can change it, typical units=0.1 to 1 % |
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| T/F: CW sound cannot be used to make anatomical images |
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| Spatial Pulse length define and units |
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the distance from the start to the end of one pulse.
units=length |
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| SPL: determined by, can sonographer change, typical values: |
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| determined by BOTH source and medium. no sonographer cannot change. typical values=0.1-1mm |
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| SPL helps to determine ___ |
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| T/F SPL helps determine AR |
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| T/F shorter pulses help create higher quality images |
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