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| An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information GOAL: To solve a problem or to better understand an observed event |
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| Information that you obtain through your senses. Repeatable observations: facts |
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| Proposed answer to a question, must be testable |
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| Variable that causes the change in another, Independent |
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| Variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable |
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| Experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated. Used to examine relationship between between independent and dependent variable. All others are kept constant, or controlled |
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| statement that shows data that will support or falsify your hypothesis |
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| Well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results; never proved: become stronger or revised/replaced |
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| Statement that summarizes a pattern in nature, describes an observed pattern in nature without explaining it. The explanation is provided by a theory |
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| Representation of an object or evernt, make it easier to understand things too difficult (big or small) to observe directly |
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| digit between 1 and 10 that makes large or small numbers easier to work with. used for sig figs and lots of zeroes |
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| SI, International System of Units |
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| revised edition of metric system, international set of units |
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| specific combos of base units |
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| How exact a measurement is, limited by least precise in calculation |
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| Closeness of a measurement to actualy value |
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measure temperature
C=5/9(F-32.0)
F=9/5(C)+32.0
K=C+273 |
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Rise/Run
Change in y/change in x |
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| relationship where two variables are constant, when one gets bigger the other gets bigger |
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| relationship where product of the variables are constant, when one gets bigger the other gets smaller |
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| ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert between units (exact numbers, infinite sig figs) |
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| system of objects that aren't moving with respect to one another, needed to describe motion accurately |
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| movement in relation to a frame of reference |
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| length of path between two points, Meter/kilometer/centimeter/etc. |
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| Direction from the starting point and the length of a straight line from start to end points |
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| quantity that has magnitude and direction, represented with arrows |
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| size, length, amount (weight, etc.) |
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| Same directions: add, Opposite directions: subtract |
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| Vector sum or two or more vectors, vectors not on straight line |
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| ratio of distance to amount of time |
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Speed computed for entire duration
Total distance/Total time |
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| rate at which an object is moving at a given moment in time; how fast its changing at a specific instant; speedometer |
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describes motion: slope is speed (change in distance/change in speed
Steeper slope: higher speed |
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| description of both speed and direction of motion; vector |
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| Rate at which velocity changes (vector), changes in speed, direction, or both (m/s^2) |
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| movement of an object toward Earth solely because of gravity |
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| Acceleration due to Gravity |
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| steady change in velocity, changes at a constant rate |
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Change in velocity/total time
(final velocity- initial velocity)/t |
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Slope: acceleration
constant negative acceleration (negative slope) decreases speed |
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Linear Graph
Nonlinear graph |
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straight line
not curved line |
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| Accelerated Motion on Distance-time graph |
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| curved line (nonlinear) because speed is increasing so slope is increasing (accelerating) |
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| push or pull that acts on an object; can cause motion or acceleration by changing speed or direction; respresent with an arrow for direction and strength(magnitude) |
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| overall force after all forces are combined |
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| net force is zero, no change in motion, everything cancels |
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| force that opposed the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other |
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| Friction that acts on objects that aren't moving |
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| Force that opposed the direction of motion of an object as it slides over an surface; AFTER static is overcome; weaker than static |
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| Change in shape when a round object rolls across a surface causes this. 100-1000x weaker than static/sliding |
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| Opposed the motion of an object through a fluid, as motion gets faster- friction increases |
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| Force that acts between any two masses, attractive force that pulls objects together; acts over large distances and downward toward center of Earth (YOUR WEIGHT) |
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| Force that opposed Gravity |
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| fluid friction in the air, opposite of motion of falling objects and slows acceleration |
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| Constant velocity of falling object when air resistance equals gravity |
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| curved path cuz of intial forward velocity and downward vertical force of gravity; but balls strike ground and accelerates and the same time/rate |
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| State of motion of an object does not change as long as the net force is zero; unless unbalanced forces act object's motion does not change; Law of Inertia |
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| tendency of an object to resist a change in motion |
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A = F/m or F = ma
m/s^2 = N/kg |
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| measure of inertia of an object and depends on amount of matter (stuff) in an object |
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force of gravity acting on an object
w=mg
N = kg(m/s^2) |
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| Whenever one object exerts a force on a 2nd object, the 2nd exerts an equal but opposite force on the first object |
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| Action and Reaction Forces |
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| Does not always cause motion, DO NOT cancel out because they do not act on the same object |
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Momentum (kg x m/s) = mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)
Large mass or velocity = large momentum and harder to stop |
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| Law of Conservation of Momentum |
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In a closed system, total momentum does not change, forces and objects cant enter or leave
loss of momentum in one object= gain in another |
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result of force distributed over an area
Force/ Area (N/m^2=PASCAL) |
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| substance that takes shape of container: gas, liquids |
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| increases as depth increases, pressure at any depth is constant, exerted equally in all directions; depends on type of fluid and depth only |
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| decreases as altitude increases |
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| change in pressure at any point is transmitted equally and unchanged in all directions |
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| device that uses pressurized fluid acting on different-sized pistons to change a force. Pressure stays the smae while output force gets bigger cuz same pressure and bigger area = more force |
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| as speed of a fluid increases, pressure decreases |
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| pressure difference on top and below te wing creating an upward force |
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| the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it; results in the apparent loss of weight of an object in fluid |
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| upward force opposing gravity acting on an object submerged in a liquid; net upward force cuz all other forces cancel. |
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| buoyant force acting on an object ais equal to the weight of the fluid displaced |
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| if object is more dense than fluid, sinks, VICE VERSA |
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| if buoyant force is less than object, sinks. more or equal: floats/suspended |
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| float any level: Object has the same density as fluid and buoyant force equals weight of object |
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Weight is greater than buoyant force, or denser.
If hull breaks, displaces less water so buoyant force weaker |
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| hul displaces lots of water so buoyant force greater than weight. Or object is less dense than fluid |
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