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Physical Science Final
An introductory course to physics and chemistry.
62
Science
Undergraduate 4
12/11/2013

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Term
Inertia
Definition
The apparent resistance that tries to change an object's state of motion or state of rest.
Term
Theory
Definition
A summarization of a hypothesis that has been proved with repeated testing. Can change as more evidence is discovered.
Term
Scientific Law
Definition
Generalizes a body of observations. At the time no exceptions have been found.
Term
Why do science and religion seem to clash?
Definition
Science changes and adapts as new information is discovered. Religion is fixed and based upon a set doctrine .
Term
Newton's Law of Inertia
Definition
An object at rest will stay at rest, or an object in motion will stay in motion, until it is acted upon by an outside force.
Term
Newton's First Law of Motion
Definition
Force is equal to the objects mass times the objects acceleration.
Term
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Definition
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Term

     What causes your body to move toward the door when you go around a sharp corner in a car?

Definition
The car is being turned but the inertia of your body continues in a straight line.
Term

   What causes an object to move in a circular path?

Definition
Centripetal force.
Term
How do you calculate density?
Definition
Density is equal to mass over volume.
Term
What unit is acceleration measured in?
Definition
M/s2
Term
What unit is velocity measured in?
Definition
M/S
Term
What unit is time measured in?
Definition
Seconds
Term
What unit is distance measured in?
Definition
Meters.
Term
What unit is force measured in?
Definition
Newtons.
Term
What unit is power measured in?
Definition
Watts
Term
What unit is work measured in?
Definition
Joules.
Term
What unit is potential and kinetic energy measured in?
Definition
Joules
Term
What unit is mass measured in?
Definition
Kilograms.
Term
Sublimation
Definition
When a substance goes directly from solid to gas, without becoming a liquid.
Term
Temperature
Definition
The measure of the average kinetic energy.
Term
Relate specific heat to the temperature change of a material.
Definition
An object with a higher specific heat will heat up slower and cool down slower. An object with a lower specific heat will heat up faster but also cool down faster.
Term
What materials does conduction work best in?
Definition
Metals.
Term
How do simple machines make work easier?
Definition
Because they lower the amount of effort needed to do the job but they keep the amount of work the same.
Term
What is the boiling point of water?
Definition
100 degrees Celcius.
Term
How do we use convection to keep things warm?
Definition
Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of particles. This can be seen when hot air rises in a room.
Term
How do we use conduction to keep things warm?
Definition
Conduction is the transfer of heat by the contact of molecules. This can be seen if you touch a hot stove and get burned or if a spoon sitting in soup gets hot.
Term
How do we use radiation to keep things warm?
Definition
Radiation is the transfer of heat in waves. So, anything thats warm makes it's surroundings warm too. The sun is an example of this.
Term
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
Definition
Energy cannot be created or destroyed only changed into a different form.
Term
Refraction
Definition
Refraction is the bending of light; this is due to the change in speed of a light ray.
Term
Infrared
Definition

Having a wavelength just greater than that of the red end of the visable light spectrum and just less than microwaves. An example of this is anything you can see on an infrared camera (like on ghost shows, humans show up most vividly). 

Term
Where do electrostatic attractions come from?
Definition
The atoms in ionic bonds.
Term
What is potential difference measured in?
Definition
Volts.
Term
What is current measured in?
Definition
Amps.
Term
What is charge measured in?
Definition
Coulombs.
Term
What do transformers on a powerline change?
Definition
Transformers change the incoming frequency and voltage of an alternating current.
Term
What elements are magnetic?
Definition
Iron, Copper, Nickel, Cobalt and Silver.
Term
What types of radiation are on the electromagnetic spectrum?
Definition
Gamma, X-ray, Micro, Radio, UV and Infrared.
Term
What color on the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest energy? The Lowest?
Definition
Violet is the highest energy. Red is the lowest.
Term
What are the properties of metals?
Definition
Shiny, ductile, malleable, good conductor of heat and energy.
Term
What are the properties of non-metals?
Definition
Opposite of metals: non-malleable, not shiny, not ductile, not a good conductor of heat or energy.
Term
What is a metalloid?
Definition
An element that has a mixture of metal-like and non metal-like properties.
Term
What is standard temperature and pressure?
Definition
0 degrees Celcius (or 273 degrees Kelvin) and 1 atm.
Term
Element
Definition
Contains atoms of the same type. Cannot be broken down into anything smaller.
Term
Compound
Definition
Contains two or more elements chemically combined. Can only be broken down by chemical means.
Term
Heterogeneous Mixture
Definition
Can see seperate phases; not the same throughout.
Term
Homogeneous Mixture
Definition
Cannot see seperate phases; the same throughout.
Term
Doppler Effect
Definition
A change in perceived frequency of a wave due to relative motion between the source and its observer.
Term
How do you find the number of protons of an element by looking at the periodic table?
Definition
Protons are found by looking at the atomic number of an element.
Term
How do you find the number of electrons of an element by looking at the periodic table?
Definition
Electrons is the same number as the number of protons. You find these by looking at the atomic number of the element.
Term
How do you find the number of neutrons of an element by looking at the periodic table?
Definition
You find the number of neutrons by subtracting the number of protons (atomic number) by the atomic mass of the element.
Term
Where on the periodic table are the most chemically reactive elements?
Definition
Excluding Hydrogen and the Noble Gases, the elements get more reactive as you get closer to the left and right of the periodic table. With the most reactive being the elements right next to the Noble Gases and the elements on the far left. 
Term
Why are halogens so reactive?
Definition
These are the elements right next to the Noble Gases. They are one electron short of being a Noble Gas so they are super excited and willing to react with another element to get that electron. 
Term
How many electrons does the S orbital hold?
Definition
2.
Term
How many electrons does the P orbital hold?
Definition
6.
Term
How many electrons does the D orbital hold?
Definition
10.
Term
How many electrons does the F orbital hold?
Definition
14.
Term
What type of nuclear reaction occurs in nuclear power plants?
Definition
Fission
Term
What are the commen names for each of the groups/families on the periodic table?
Definition

Group 1: (excluding Hydrogen) Alkali Metals

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 3-12: Transition Metals

Group 13: The Boron Group

Group 14: The Carbon Group

Group 15: The Nitrogen Group

Group 16: Chalcogens

Group 17: Halogens

Group 18: The Nobel Gases

Term
Why do atoms form bonds?
Definition
To become more stable and less likely to chemically react. Like, the Nobel Gases. Everybody wants to be a Noble Gas.
Term
What are the three subatomic particles? Their charge? Their (aprox.) weight? Their location?
Definition

Proton: weighs 1 amu, positively charged, located in the nucleus. 

Neutron: weighs 1 amu, no charge, located in the nucleus.

Electron: weighs 0 amu, negatively charged, located outside of the nucleus. 

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