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Physical Science Ch.9-23
For Finals and everything else
186
Science
9th Grade
01/18/2013

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Term
Wave
Definition
Disturbance carrying energy
Term
Medium
Definition
Matter that a waves travels through
Term
Transverse Wave
Definition
Particles in medium moves at a right angle in the direction the wave travels.
Term
Compressional Wave
Definition
Matter vibrates in the same direction of the wave.
Term
Sound waves
Definition
produced by vibrations
Term
Another name for the speed of sound
Definition
Mach
Term
Seismic waves
Definition
Produced by earth quakes
Term
Compression
Definition
wavelengths are short
Term
Rarefaction
Definition
wavelengths are long
Term
Amplitude
Definition
amount of energy carried by the wave
Term
Wavelength
Definition
distance between waves
Term
Frequency
Definition
Number of waves passing per second
Term
Frequency Range of human hearing
Definition
20hz-20,000hz
Term
Wave Equation
Definition
Velocity = Wavelength x Frequency
Term
Reflection
Definition
wave strikes an object and bounces off of it.
Term
Mechanical Waves
Definition
Can only travel through matter
Term
Period of a wave
Definition
Amount of time it takes a wave to pass a point
Term
Law of reflection
Definition
the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.
Term
Refraction
Definition
the bending of a wave caused by a change in speed moving from one medium to another.
Term
Refraction of light in water
Definition
causes objects to look closer to the surface then they really are.
Term
Diffraction
Definition
the bending of a wave around an object.
Term
Constructive Interference
Definition
the waves add together
Term
Destructive Interference
Definition
the waves subtract from each other as they over lap.
Term
Standing waves
Definition
type of wave pattern formed when waves with the same wavelength and amplitude that are traveling in opposite directions continuously interfere with each other.
Term
Resonance
Definition
an object is made to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequencies.
Term
What causes sound?
Definition
produced by vibrations
Term
Parts of the ear
Definition
Outer, middle, inner
Term
Functions of Outer Ear
Definition
Capturing waves
Term
Functions of Middle ear
Definition
Amplifies the sound waves
Term
Functions of Inner ear
Definition
Hair cells vibrate when hit by sound waves sending electrical impulses to the brain.
Term
Cochlea
Definition
Spiral shaped structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells
Term
Eardrum
Definition
transmits sound from outer ear to inner ear
Term
Hair Cells
Definition
send electrical impulses to the brain
Term
Intensity
Definition
the amount of energy that passes through an area at a specific time.
Term
Loudness
Definition
Human perception of sound volume
Term
Decibel
Definition
Unit used to measure loudness
Term
Pitch
Definition
how high or low a sound seems to be
Term
Ultrasonic
Definition
When a object travels faster then the speed of sound
Term
Doppler Affect
Definition
the change in wave frequency due to the wave source moving relative to an observer
Ex: Car driving past a person its quite then loud then quite
Term
Music
Definition
Regular pattern formed by specific pitches
Term
Sonar
Definition
sound navigation and ranging
Term
Echolocation
Definition
using sound to see
Term
Natural Frequency
Definition
particular set of frequencies at which it vibrates
Term
Overtones
Definition
Vibrations frequency is a multiple of the fundamental frequency.
Term
Quality
Definition
differences between sounds of the same pitch and loudness
Term
Resonator
Definition
Vibrations that build up in a hollow chamber that amplifies sound when that air inside of it vibrates
Term
Beats
Definition
pulsing variation in loudness
Term
Atom
Definition
the smallest particle of an element that retains the elements properties
Term
Nucleus
Definition
small positively charged center of the atom
Term
Proton
Definition
particles with an electric charge of 1+
Term
Neutrons
Definition
neutral particles, have no charge
Term
Electrons
Definition
particles with an electric charge of 1-
Term
Quarks
Definition
make up protons and neutrons
Term
Bohr Model
Definition
electrons orbit like planets around the sun
Term
Thompson's Model
Definition
positive and negative charges floating around. Called the plum pudding model
Term
Democritus
Definition
Credited for naming the atom
Term
Electron Cloud Model
Definition
Electrons move in waves around the neucleus
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
Number of protons
Term
Atomic mass
Definition
Number of protons plus neutrons
Term
Average atomic mass
Definition
average mass of all isotopes of an element
Term
Mass number
Definition
number of protons plus neutrons
Term
Isotopes
Definition
same element with different number of neutrons
Term
Periods
Definition
rows on the periodic table
Term
Mendeleev
Definition
designed the first periodic table
Term
Mosley
Definition
Based position of elements on the atomic number
Term
Groups and families
Definition
Columns on tables
Term
Electron dot diagram
Definition
Shorthanded method of showing number of valence electrons
Term
Group 1 on periodic table
Definition
Alkali Metals
Term
Group 2 on periodic table
Definition
Alkali Earth Metals
Term
B- Elements
Definition
Transition Elements
Term
Group 13 on Periodic table
Definition
Boron Group
Term
Group 14 on Periodic table
Definition
Carbon Group
Term
Group 15 on Periodic table
Definition
Nitrogen Group
Term
Group 16 on Periodic Table
Definition
Oxygen Group
Term
Group 17 on Periodic Table
Definition
Halogens
Term
Group 18 on the Periodic Table
Definition
Noble Gasses
Term
Malleable
Definition
Easily bent or pounded into sheets
Term
Ductile
Definition
can be drawn into wire
Term
Lanthanide and actinide series
Definition
Bottom separated part of the table
Term
Metalloids
Definition
found along the stair step line of the table
Term
Non-metals
Definition
to the right of the metalloids on the periodic table.
Brittle, dull luster, and poor conduction
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
Electrons are transferred creating oposite charges which attract
Term
Chemical Bond
Definition
Force that holds atoms together in a compound
Term
Ion
Definition
an atom that has gained or lost electrons
Term
Chemical Formula
Definition
Indicates the elements in a compound and the ratio of those elements. H20
Term
Covalent bond
Definition
Force of attraction between atoms in a molecule that shares electrons
Term
Carbon Dating
Definition
using the decay of carbon-14 to determine the age of organic substances
Term
Valence Electrons
Definition
Electrons in outer level that are involved in reactions
Term
Coefficient
Definition
3H2O <-The three in that chemical equation
Term
Subscript
Definition
3H2O <- The 2 in that chemical equation
Term
Binary Compound
Definition
composed of two elements (metal and non-metal)
Term
Polyatomic Ion
Definition
Group of charged ions
Term
Hydrate
Definition
Ionic Compound that has water chemically attached to its ions
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
A well defined example of a chemical change
Term
Reactant
Definition
Equation
Term
Product
Definition
what you get from equation
Term
Synthesis Reaction
Definition
Two or more substances combined to form a new substance
Term
Combustion
Definition
a synthesis reaction in which oxygen reacts with a substance producing heat and light
Term
Decomposition reaction
Definition
One substance breaks down into tow or more simpler substances
Term
Single displacement reaction
Definition
One element replaces another in a compound
Term
Double displacement reaction
Definition
A precipitate, water, or gas is formed when two ionic compounds in solution are combined
Term
Precipitate
Definition
solid that forms during double replacement that falls out of solution
Term
Exergonic reaction
Definition
Gives off energy in the form of light, heat, sound
Term
Endergonic reaction
Definition
Energy must be provided to make the reaction take place
Term
Endothermic
Definition
Cold heat
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without it self being permanently changed
Term
inhibitor
Definition
Substance which prevents reactions
Term
Alloy
Definition
Solid solution
Term
Solute
Definition
Substance being disolved
Term
Solvent
Definition
Substance that dissolves the solute
Term
Saturated
Definition
solution contains as much solute as possible at any given temperature
Term
Supersaturated
Definition
solution contains more dissolved solute then it should at given temp
Term
Unsaturated
Definition
if more solute is added it will dissolve
Term
Solubility
Definition
Amount of solute that can be dissolved in 100g of solvent
Term
Concentration
Definition
Amount of solute actually dissolved in 100g of solvent
Term
Non polar solvents
Definition
dissolves non polar compounds
Term
Polar solvents
Definition
Dissolves polar and ionic compounds
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
Substance that separates into ions or forms ions in water solution. Conducts electricity
Term
Soap
Definition
Both polar and non polar can be dissolved by both
Term
Dissociation
Definition
Positive and negative ions separating completely from one another
Term
Ionization
Definition
Occurs when polar solvent pulls apart the molecules of the solute
Term
OSHA
Definition
U.S Occupational safety and health admin
Term
CPSC
Definition
Consumer Products Safety Commision
Term
Organic Solvents is found in
Definition
found in glue, paints, paint thinners, paint removers
Term
Acid
Definition
substance that produces H+ ions in solution
Term
Hydronium ion
Definition
formed when acid is dissolved in water
Term
indicator
Definition
an organic compound that changes color in the presence of acids and bases
Term
common acids
Definition
Sulfuric, nitric, Phosphoric, hydrochloric
Term
Properties of acids
Definition
sour tase, electrolytes, corrosive
Term
bases
Definition
substance that produces OH- ions in a solution
Term
Properties of bases
Definition
crystalline solids, slippery solution, bitter taste, react with indicators, corrosive, electrolytes
Term
Common bases
Definition
Calcium Hydroxide, ammonia, magnesium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide
Term
Strong acid on Ph scale
Definition
1
Term
Weak acid on Ph scale
Definition
6
Term
Strong base on Ph scale
Definition
14
Term
Weak base on Ph scale
Definition
8
Term
ph
Definition
determines strength of acid or base
Term
Buffer
Definition
resists changes in ph scale
Term
neutralization
Definition
reaction between acids and bases
Term
salt
Definition
compound form during neutralization
Term
titration
Definition
process of using a solution of known concentration to determine the concentration of other solutions
Term
soap
Definition
organic salts made by soponification
Term
ester
Definition
organic compound formed by the reaction of a organic acid with an alcohol
Term
Polyester
Definition
made from organic acids that have two-cooh groups resulting in a polyester
Term
non-electrolytes
Definition
substances that form no ions in water and do not conduct electricity
Term
Metal
Definition
elements that are shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
Term
Radioactive element
Definition
nucleus breaks down and gives off particles of energy.
Term
Diatomic Molecule
Definition
consists of two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond
Term
Chemical equation
Definition
a way to describe chemical reactions using chemical formulas and other symbols.
Term
Balanced chemical equation
Definition
same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the arrow.
Term
Plane mirror characteristics
Definition
flat, and smooth
Term
Virtual Image
Definition
image that you brain perceives even though no light waves pass through that location of that image.
Term
Concave Mirror characteristics
Definition
surface curves inward
Term
Focal Point
Definition
the point on the optical axis on which light rays that are initially parallel to the optical axis converge after they reflect off the mirror
Term
Focal Length
Definition
the distance from the center of the mirror to the focal point
Term
real image
Definition
formed when light rays converge to form the image
Term
Convex mirror characteristics
Definition
mirror that curves outward
Term
Convex lens characteristics
Definition
thicker in the middle then at the edges
Term
Concave lens characteristics
Definition
thinner in the middle thicker at the edges
Term
Cornea
Definition
transparent covering on you eyeball
Term
retina
Definition
inner lining of your eye
Term
Reflecting telescope
Definition
uses mirrors and lenses to collect and focus light from distant objects
Term
refracting telescope
Definition
uses lenses to gather and focus light from distant objects
Term
Microscope
Definition
uses to convex lenses with relatively short focal lengths to magnify small, close objects
Term
Radar Gun
Definition
What police use to measure the speed of cars
Term
acoustics
Definition
the study of sound
Term
ultrasound
Definition
over 20,000 Hz cant be herd by humans
Term
Electromagnetic waves
Definition
made by vibrating electric charges
Term
Photon
Definition
a massless bundle of energy that behaves like a particle
Term
Radio Waves
Definition
long wavelengths low frequencies. Photon have low energies. Used for medical imaging
Term
Microwaves
Definition
used for cell phones and satellite signals
Term
Infrared waves
Definition
what thermal energy is transmitted to you as
Term
Visible Light
Definition
range of electromagnetic waves that you detect with your eyes
Term
ultraviolet waves
Definition
electromagnetic waves that can enter cells making them both harmful and useful
Term
x-rays
Definition
penetrate skin and soft tissue but not denser materials
Term
gamma rays
Definition
have high frequencies and high energy photons
Term
Carrier wave
Definition
electromagnetic wave with specific frequencies that a station is assigned to
Term
Modulation
Definition
the process of adding a signal wave to a carrier wave
Term
Analog Signal
Definition
electric signals whose values change smoothly over time
Term
Digital signal
Definition
electric signal where there are only two possible values. on and off
Term
transceiver
Definition
transmits one radio signal and receives another
Term
index of refraction
Definition
property of a material that indicates how much the speed of light is reduced compared to the speed of light in the vacuum.
Term
Archimedes principal
Definition
The Buoyancy force of an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
Term
Pascals Principal
Definition
Pressure is transmitted unchanged through out a fluid
Term
Venturi Effect
Definition
fluid moves faster when forced to move through narrow spaces
Term
Bernoullis principal
Definition
a fast moving stream of fluid has a low pressure
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