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Physical Science
Atoms & The Periodic Table
21
Science
10th Grade
09/05/2012

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Term
atom
Definition
the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
Term
element
Definition
a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number
Term
electron
Definition
a subatomic particle that has a negative electric charge
Term
neutron
Definition
a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
Term
noble gas
Definition
an unreactive element of Group 18 of the periodic table that has 8 electrons in its outer level (except He, which has 2)
Term
nucleus
Definition
an atom's central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons
Term
nonmetal
Definition
an element that conducts heat and electricity poorly and is found on the right side of the periodic table
Term
proton
Definition
a subatomic particlethat has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
Term
valence electron
Definition
an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atom's chemical properties
Term
period
Definition
a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
Term
periodic law
Definition
the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic number of the elements
Term
mass number
Definition
the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Term
ion
Definition
an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
Term
isotope
Definition
an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons
Term
atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element
Term
metal
Definition
an element that is shiny and that conducts heat and electricity well.  Found on the left side of the periodic table.
Term
semi-conductor/metalloid
Definition
an element or compound that conducts electric current better than an insulator but not as well as a conductor.  Found between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table (the stairsteps)
Term
transition metal
Definition
groups 3-12 on the periodic table
Term
alkali metal
Definition
one of the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table. Extremely reactive!
Term
alkaline-earth metals
Definition
one of the elements of Group 2 on the periodic table.
Term
halogen
Definition
one of the elements of Group 17 of the periodic table.  can combine with most metals to form salts.
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