4-2 On the Celsius Tempature Scale

a. zero means there is not temperature

b. 80° is twaice as hot as 40°

c. the number related to the boiling and freezing of water

d. there are more degrees than on the Fahrenheit scale

4-3. Interal energy refers to the

a. translation kinetic energy of gas molecules

b. total potential and kinetic energy of the molecules

c. total vibration , rotational, and translationl kinetic energy of molecules.

d. average of all types of kinetic energy of the gas molecules

4-6. The specific heat of copper is 0.093 cal/gCO, and the specif heat of aluminum is 0.22 cal/gCQThe same amount of energy applied to equal masses, say, 50.0 g of copper and aluminum,will result in
a. a higher temperature for copper.
b. a higher temperature lor aluminum.
c. the same temperature for each metal.
d. unknown results.

4-7. The specific heat of water is 1.00 , and the specific heat of ice is 0.500 callgCn The same amount of energy applied to equal masses, say, 50.0 g of water and ice, will result in (assume the ice does not melt)
a. a greater temperature increase for the water.
b. a greater temperature increase for the ice.
c. the same temperature increase for each.
d. unknown results.

4-8. The transfer of heat that takes by the movement of groups of molecules with higher kinetic energy is
a. conduction.
b. convection.
c. radiation.
d. sublimation.

4-11. The evaporation of water cools the surroundings. and the condensation of this vapor
a. does nothing.
b. warms the surroundings.
c. increases the value of the latent heat of vaporization.
d. decreases the value of the latent heat of vaporization.

4-12. The heat involved in the change of phase from solid ice to liquid water is called
a. latent heat of vaporization.
b. latent heat of fusion.
c. latent heat of condensation.
d. none of the above.

4-13. The energy supplied to a system in the form of heat, minus the work done by the system, equal to the change in internal energy. This statement describes the
a. first law of thermodynamics.
b. second law of thermodynamics.
c. third law of thermodynamics.

4-14. If you want to move heat from a region of cooler temperature to a region of warmer temperature, you must supply energy. This is described by the
a. first law of thermodynamics.
b. second law of thermodynamics.
c. third law of thermodynamics.

4-15. More molecules are returning to the liqUid state than are leaving the liquid state. This process is called
a. boiling.
b. freezing.
c. condensation.
d. melting.

4-16. The temperature of a gas is proportional to the
a. average velocity of the gas molecules.
b. internal potential energy of the gas.
c. number of gas molecules in a sample.
d. average kinetic energy of the gas molecules.

4-18. Using the Kelvin temperature scale, the freezing point of water is correctly written as
a. 0 K.
b. 0°K
c. 273 K.
d. 273°K

The specific heat of soil is 0.20 kcal/kgC°, and the specific heat water is 1.00 kcal/kgC°. This means that if 1 kg of soil and 1 kg of water each receives 1 kcal of energy, ideally.
a. the water will be warmer than the soil by O.SeC.
b. the soil will be 4°C wanner than the water.
c. the soil will be SoC warmer than the water.
d. the water will warm by l°e. and the soil will warm by 0.2'

4-22. Latent heat is "hidden" because it
a. goes into or comes out of internal energy.
b. is a fluid (caloric) that cannot be sensed.
c. does not actually exist.
d. is a form of internal kinetic energy.

4-23. As a solid undergoes a phase change to a liquid, it
a. releases heat while remaining at a constant temperature.
b. absorbs heat while remaining at a constant temperature.
c. releases heat as the temperature decreases.
d. absorbs heat as the temperature increases.

b. absorbs heat while remaining at a constant temperature.

4-25. The work that a heat engine is able to accomplish is ideally equivalent to the
a. difference between the heat supplied and the
heat rejected.
b. heat that was produced in the cycle
c. heat that appears in the exhaust gases.
d. sum total of the heat input and the heat output.

a. difference between the heat supplied and the
heat rejected.

4-27. Which of the following contains the most heat?
a. A bucket of water at O°C.
b. A barrel of water at O°C.
c. Neither contains any heat since the temperature is zero.
d. Both have the same amount of heat.

b. A barrel of water at O°C.

4-28. Any tiime a temperature difference occurs. you can expect a cold to move to where it is warmer, such as cold moving into a warm house.
a warm house during the winter.
b. heat movement from any higher-temperature region.
c. no energy movement unless it is hot enough, such as the red-hot heating element on a stove.

b. heat movement from any higher-temperature region.

4-30. The specific  heat of copper is roughly three times as great as the specitic heat of gold, Which of the following is true for equal masses of copper and gold?
a. If the same amount of heat is the copper will become
hotter.
b. Copper heats up three times as f.ast as gold.
c. A piece stores three times as much heat at the same
temperature.
d. The temperature is three times that

c. A piece stores three times as much heat at the same
temperature.

4-34.Radiation is the only method of heat transfer that can take place in a
a. solid.
b. liquid.
c. gas.
d. vacuum.

d. vacuum.

4-36. When you add heat to a substance, its temperature
a. always increases.
b. sometimes decreases.
c. might stay the same.
d. might go up or down, depending on the temperature.

c. might stay the same.

4-38. At temperatures above freeZing, the evaporation rate can equal the condensation rate only at
a. very high air temperatures,
b. mild temperatures.
c. low temperatures.
d. any temperature.

40. vVhich of the following has the greatest value for liquid water?
a. Latent heat of fusion.
b. Latent heat of vaporization
c. Both are equivalent
d. None of the above is correct.

b. Latent heat of vaporization

4- 43. The heat deatb of the universe in the future is when the universe is supposed to
a. have a high temperature that will kill all living things
b. have a high temperature that will vaporize all matter in it.
c. freeze at a uniform low temperature.
d. use up the universal supply of entropy.

c. freeze at a uniform low temperature.

5-L A back·and·forth motion that repeats itselfis a
a, spring,
b, vibration,
c. wave.
d. pulse,

2, The number of vibrations that occur in 1 s is called
a, a period.
b. frequency,
c. amplitnde,
d. sinusoidal.

b. frequency,

5-3. Frequency is measured in units of
a. time.
b. cycles.
c. hertz.
d. avis.

5-4. The maximum displacement from rest to the crest or from rest to the trough of a wave is called
a. wavelength.
b. period.
c. equilibrium position.
d. amplitude.

5-5. A wave with motion perpendicular to the direction that the wave is moving is classified as a
a. longitudinal wave.
b. transverse wave.
c. water wave.
d. compression wave.

5-6. Your brain interprets a frequency as a sound with a certain
a. speed.
b. loudness.
c. pitch.
d. harmonic.

5-7. Sound waves with frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz are
a. infrasonic waves.
b. supersonic waves.
c. ultrasonic waves.
d. impossible.

5-8. Generally, sounds travel faster in
a. solids.
b. liquids.
c. gases.
d. vacuums.

a. solids.

5-9. Sounds travel faster in
a. warmer air.
b. cooler air.
c. Temperature does not influence the speed of sound.
d. a vacuum

a. warmer air.

5-10. The bending of a wave front between boundaries is
a. reflection.
b. reverberation.
c. refraction.
d. dispersion.

5-11. A reflected sound that reaches the ear within 0.1 s after the original sound results in
a. an echo.
b. reverberation.
c. refraction.
d. confusion.

5-12. The wave front of a refracted sound bends toward
a. warmer air.
b. cooler air.
c. the sky, no matter what the air temperature.
d. the surface of Earth, no matter what the air temperature

5-13. Two in-phase sound waves with the same amplitude and frequency arrive at the same place at the same time, resulting in
a. higher frequency.
b. refraction.
c. a new sound wave with greater amplitude.
d. reflection.

5-14. Two out of-phase sound waves with the same amplitude and frequiency arrive at the same place at the same time, resulting in
a. a beat.
b. cancellation of the two sound waves.
c. a lower frequency.
d. the bouncing of one wave.

5-15. Two sound waves of equal amplitude with slightly different frequiencies will result in
a. an echo.
b. the Doppler effect.
c. alternation of loudness of sound known as beats.

d. two separate sounds

5-16. Two sound waves of unequal amplitudes with different frequencies will result in
a. an echo.
b. the Doppler effect.
c. alternation of loudness known as beats.
d. two separate sounds.

5-17. The energy of a sound wave is proportional to the rate of energy transferred to an area perpendicular to the waves, which is called
the sound
a. intensity
b. loudness.
c. amplitude.
d. decibel.

18. A decibel noise level of 40 would be most likely found
a. during a calm day in the forest.
b. on a typical day in the library.
c. in heavy street traffic.
d. next 10 a pneumatic drill.

5-19. A resonant condition occurs when
a. an external force matches a natural frequency.
b. a beat is heard.
e. two out-of-phase waves have the same frequency.
d. a pure tone is created.

5-20. The fundamental frequency of a string is the
a. shortest wavelength harmonic possible on the string.
b. longest standing wave that can fit on the string.
c. highest frequency possible on the string.
d. shortest wavelength that can fit on the string.

5-21. The fundamental on a vibrating string is what part of
a wavelength?
a. 1/4
b. 1/2
e. 1
d. 2

5-22. Higher resonant frequencies that occur at the same time as the fundamental frequency are called
a. standing waves.
b. confined waves.
e. oscillations.
d. overtones.

5-23. A moving source of sound or a moving observer experiences the apparent shift frequency in called
a. fundamental frequency
b. Doppler effect.
c. wave front effect.
d. shock waves.

5-24. Does the Doppler effect occcur when the observer is moving and the source of sound is staitionay?
a. Yes, the effect is the same.
b. No, the source must be
c. Yes, but the change of pitch effects is reversed in this case.

25. A rocket traveling at three times the speed of sound is traveling at
a. sonic speed.
b. Mach speed.
c. Mach 3.
d. subsonic speed.

5-26. A longitudinal mechanical wave causes particles of a material to move
a. back and forth in the same direction the wave is moving.
b. perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving.
c. in a circular motion in the direction the wave is moving.
d. in a circular motion opposite the direction the wave is moving.

5-27. A transverse mechanical wave causes particles of a material to move
a. hack and forth in the same direction the wave is moving.
b. perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving.
c. in a circular motion in the direction the wave is moving.
d. in a circular motion opposite the direction the wave is moving.

5-28. Transverse mechanical waves will move only through
a. solids.
h. liquids.
c. gases.
d. All of the above are correct.

5-29. Longitudinal mechanical waves will move only through
a. solids.
b. liquids.
c. gases.
d. All of the above are correct.

5-30. A pulse of jammed-together molecules that quickly moves away
from a vibrating object
a. is called a condensation.
b. causes an increased air pressure when it reaches an object.
c. has a greater density than the surrounding air.
d. All of the above are correct.

5-31. The characteristic of a wave that is responsible for what you interpret as pitch is the wave
a. amplitude.
b. shape
c. frequency

d. height

5-32. Sound waves travel faster in
a. solids as compared to liquids.
b. liquids as compared to gases.
c. warm air as compared to cooler air.
d. All of the above are correct.

5-33. The difference between an echo and a reverberation is
a. an echo is a reflected sound; reverberation is not.
b. the time interval between the original sound and the
reflected sound.
c. the amplitude of an echo is much greater.
d. reverberation comes from acoustical speakers, echoes come from cliffs and walls.

5-34. Sound interference is necessary to produce the phenomenon known as
a. resonance.
b. decibels.
c. beats.
d. reverberation.

5-35. The fundamental frequency of a standing wave on a string has
a. one node and one antinode.
b. one node and two antinodes.
c. two nodes and one antinode.
d. two nodes and two antinodes.

5-36. An observer on the ground will hear a sonic boom from an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound
a. only when the plane breaks the sound barrier.
b. as the plane is approaching
c. when the plane is directly overhead
d. after the plane has passed by

5-37. What comment is true about the statement that "the human ear hears sounds originating from vibrating objects with a frequency between 20 and 20,000 Hz"?
a. This is true only at room temperature.
b. About 95 percent hear in this range, while some hear outside
the average limits.
c. This varies, with females frequencies hearing above 20,000 Hz.
d. Very few people hear this whole range, which decreases
with age.

38. A sound wave that moves through the air is
a. actually a tiny sound that the ear magnifies
b. pulses of increased and decreased air pressure.
c. a transverse wave that carries information about a sound.
d. a combination oflongitudinal and transverse wave
patterns.

5-39. During a track and field meet, the time difference between seeing the smoke from a starter's gun and hearing the bang would be less
a. on a warmer day.
b. on a cooler day.
e. if a more powerful shell were used.
d. if a less powerful shell were used.

5-40. What is changed by destructive interference of a sound wave?
a. Frequency
b. Phase
c. 40. What is changed by destructive interference of a sound
wave?
a. Frequency
b. Phase
c. Amplitude
d. Wavelength
d. Wavelength

5-41. An airplane pilot hears a slow beat from the two engines of his plane. He increases the speed of the right engine and now  hears a slower beat.

What should the pilot now do to eliminate the beat?
a. Increase the speed of the left engine.
b. Decrease the speed of the right engine.
c. Increase the speed of both engines.
d. Increase the speed of the right engine.

5-42. Resonance occurs when an external force matches the
a. interference frequency.
b. decibel frequency.
c. beat frequency
d. natural frequency.

5-43. The sound quality is different for the same-pitch note produced by two different musical instruments, but you are able to recognize the basic note because of the same
a. harmonics.
b. fundamental frequency.
c. node positions.
d. standing waves.

5-44. What happens if the source of a sound is moving toward you at a high rate of speed?
a. The sound will be traveling faster th,m from a stationary source.
h. The sound ,yill be moving faster only in the direction of travel.
c. You will hear a higher frequency but people in the source will not.
d. All observers in all directions will hear a higher frequency.

5-45. What happens if you are moving at a high rate of speed toward
some people standing next to a stationary source of a sound? You will hear
a. a higher frequency than the people you are approaching will
hear.
b. the same frequency as the people you are approaching will
hear.
c. the smne frequency as when you and the source are not moving.
d. higher frequency, as will all observers in all directions.

Approchaing - Shifted to Higher Freq

Receding - Shifter to Lower Freq

Supersonic Speed - Shock wave and sonic boom produced.

Doppler Effect

Blue Shift

Doppler Effect

Red Shift

Transverse Consits of Vibrating Electrical and Magnetic Fields that occillate Pepperdicular to each other

Speed = C=3.00X10⁸ m/s

Radio Wave 10⁶

AM 800Khz = 8.00x10⁵Hz

FM 90.0Mhz = 9.0x10⁷Hz

Formula C/F=10⁸m/s/10¹⁴Hz = 310^-6Hz

is expressed in Nano Meters NM

1nm=10^-9m

Range extends form approxm 400 to 700NM

Less than 20Hz

Elephants

20Hz to 20,000Hz

People

Greater than 20KHz

Bats and Dolphins

Longitudinal Wave

Hz=1/s

One Hurtz = One cycle per second

1/T

If a wave hs a Freq of f=4Hz then 4 full wave lengths will pass in one second

C   0°   100°

F 32°   212°

K 273   373 

to Convert from F to K must first convert to C

a hypothetical tendency for the universe to attain a state of maximum homogeneity in which all matter is at a uniform temperature (heat death).

Absolute 0

Melting or Feezing

L_f 800 cal/g

Is the heat involved in Liquid to gas phase change

L_v= 540 cal/g