Term
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Definition
Nature of bodies.
Light objects rise and heavy objects fall. |
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Definition
Resulted from pushing or pulling forces.
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Tendency to remain unchanged unless acted on by some external force. |
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Definition
| The quantity of matter in an object. Measure of inertia an object exhibits in response to any force acted upon it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force upon an object due to gravity. |
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Term
Newton's First Law of Motion |
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Definition
| Every object continues in a state of rest, or in a state of motion in a straight line at a constant speed, unless acted upon by a net force. |
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Term
Newton's Second Law of Motion |
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Definition
| The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the net force, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. |
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Term
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Definition
| The speed at which the acceleration of a falling objects terminates when air resistance balances its weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal speed when direction is specified or implied. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manual action between objects during which each object exerts an equal and opposite force on the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The action and reaction pair of forces that occur in an interaction. |
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Term
Newton's Third Law of Motion |
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Definition
| Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. |
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Term
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Definition
"Inertia in motion"
Mass x Velocity |
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Term
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Definition
The product of the force acting on an object and the time during which it acts.
Impulse = Force x Time |
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Term
Law of Conservation of Momentum |
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Definition
In the absence of an external force, the momentum of a system remains unchanged. Hence, the momentum before an event involving only internal forces is equal to the momentum after the event:
(m)(V1)=(m)(V2) |
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Term
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Definition
| A collision in which colliding objects rebound without lasting deformation or the generation of heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collision in which the colliding objects become distorted, generate heat, and possibly stick together. |
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Term
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Definition
| The property of a system that enables it to do work. |
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Term
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Definition
W = (F)(d)
Force x Distance |
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Term
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Definition
The energy that matter possesses because of its position.
Gravitation PE = mgh |
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Term
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Definition
Energy of motion.
KE = (1/2)(mv^2) |
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Term
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Definition
The work done on an object equals the change in kinetic energy of the object.
Work = ∆KE |
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Term
Law of Conservation of Energy |
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Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. |
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Term
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Definition
The rate of doing work:
Power = (Work/Time)
(Rate at which energy is expended) |
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Term
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Definition
| A device, such as a lever or a pulley, that increases (or decreases) a force or simply changes the direction of the force. |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple machine consisting of a rigid rod pivoted at a fixed point called the fulcrum. |
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Term
Conservation of Energy for Machines |
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Definition
The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input. In an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into thermal energy:
Work(input) = Work(output)
Fd(input) = Fd(output) |
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Term
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Definition
The percentage of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output.
Efficiency = (Energy output/ Total energy Input) |
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Term
Law of Universal Gravitation |
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Definition
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that, for two bodies, is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distence separating them:
F=G(m1m2/r2) |
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Term
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Definition
The intensity of an effect from a localized source spreads uniformly throughout the surrounding space and weakens with the inverse square of the distance:
Intensity = (1/distance2) |
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Term
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Definition
| The force that an object exerts on a supporting surface. Which is, often but not always, due to the force of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Being without a support force, as in free fall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any object that moves through the air or through space under the influence of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The curved path followed by a projectile under the influence of constant gravity ONLY. |
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Term
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Definition
| A projectile or small celestial body that orbits a larger celestial body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The oval path followed by a satellite. The sum of the distances from any point on the path to two points called foci is a constant. When the foci are together at one point, the ellipse is a circle. As the foci get farther apart, the ellipse becomes more eccentric. |
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Term
Escape Speed
(And Equation) |
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Definition
The speed that a projectile, space probe, or similar object must reach to escape the gravitational influence of Earth or of another celestial body to which it is attracted.
v = √(2GM/d) |
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Term
Speed of a Satellite in Circular Orbit
(Equation) |
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Definition
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Term
Density
(And Weight Density) |
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Definition
Matter per unit volume
Density = (Mass/Volume)
Weight Density = (Weight/Volume) |
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Term
Pressure
(And Liquid Pressure Eq.) |
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Definition
The ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.
Pressure = (Force/Area)
Liquid Pressure = (Weight Density x Depth) |
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Term
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Definition
| The net upward force that a fluid exerts on an immersed object. |
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Term
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Definition
| An immersed body is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces (For both liquids and gases) |
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Term
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Definition
| A floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight. |
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Term
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Definition
The product of pressure and volume is a constant for a given mass of confined gas regardless of changes in either pressure or volume individually, so long as temperature remains unchanged.
P1V1 = P2V2 |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure exerted against bodies immersed in the atmosphere resulting from the weight of air pressing down from above. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is about 101 kPa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Device that measures atmospheric pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all point in the fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure in a fluid moving steadily without friction of outside energy input decreases when the fluid velocity increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the hotness or coldness of substances, related to the average kinetic energy per molecule in a substance, measured in degrees celsius, degrees fahrenheit, or kelvin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theoretical temperature at which a substance possess not kinetic energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The total energy (kinetic plus potential) of the submicroscopic particles that make up a substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The thermal energy that flows from a substance of higher temperature to a substance of lower temperature, commonly measured in calories or joules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of heat and its transformation to different forms of energy. |
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Term
First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| A restatement of the law of energy conservation, usually as it applies to systems involving changes in temperature: Whenever heat flows into or out of a system, the gain or loss of thermal energy equals the amount of heat transferred. |
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Term
The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Heat never spontaneously flows from a cold substance to a hot substance. Also, in natural processes, high-quality energy tends to transform into lower-quality energy--order tends to disorder. |
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Term
Third Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| No system can reach absolute zero!!! |
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Term
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Definition
The measure of energy dispersal of a system. Whenever energy freely transforms from one form to another, the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and, therefore, toward one of greater entropy.
∆S = ∆Q/T
Increase in entropy is equal to the amount of heat added to the system divided by the temperature at which the heat is added. |
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Term
Equation for Change in Temperature
(Ex: Hot water added to colder water) |
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Definition
Cm1∆T1 = Cm2∆T2
Q=cm∆T
(Heat transferred = Specific heat x mass x temp) |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of internal energy by molecular and electronic collisions within a substance (especially a solid). |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of internal energy in a gas or a liquid by means of currents in the heated fluid. The fluid flows, carrying energy with it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The radiant energy emitted by Earth |
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Term
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Definition
The rate of loss of internal energy from an object is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.
Rate of Cooling ~ ∆T |
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Term
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Definition
| The change of phase at the surface of a liquid as it passes to the gaseous phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The change of phase directly from solid to gas, bypassing the liquid phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The change of phase from gas to liquid the opposite of evaporation. Warming of the liquid results. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rapid state of evaporation that takes place within the liquid as well as at its surface. As with evaporation, cooling of the liquid results. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of changing phase from solid to liquid, as from ice to water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of changing phase from liquid to solid as from water to ice. |
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Term
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Definition
The amount of energy needed to change any substance from solid to liquid (and vice versa). For water, this is 334 J/g (or 80 cal/gram)
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of energy required to change any substance from liquid to gas (and vice versa). For water, this is 2256 J/g (or 540 cal/g) |
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Term
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Definition
The relationship among electrical force, charge and distance. If the charges are alike in sign, the force is repelling; if the charges are unlike, the force is attractive.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
SI unit of electrical charge. One coulomb (C) is equal in magnitude to the total charge of
6.25 x 1018 electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term applied to an atom or molecule in which the charges are aligned so that one side has a slight excess of positive charge and the other side a slight excess of negative charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined as force per unit charge. About a charged point, the field decreases with distance according to the inverse-square law. Btwn oppositely charged parallel plates, the electric field is uniform. |
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Term
Electrical Potential Energy |
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Definition
| The energy a charge possesses by virtue of its location in an electric field. |
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Term
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Definition
| The electric potential energy per amount of charge, measured in volts. AKA Voltage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any material having free charged particles that easily flow through it when an electric force acts on them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in potential between two points, measured in volts. AKA Voltage Difference. |
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Term
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Definition
| The flow of electric charge that transports energy from one place to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unit of electric current the rate of flow of 1 C of charge per second. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electric current flowing in one direction only. |
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Term
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Definition
Electric current that repeatedly reverses its direction; the electric charges vibrate about relatively fixed points.
(60 Hz in the US) |
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Term
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Definition
| The property of a material that resists the flow of an electric current through it. It is measured in Ohms. (Ω) |
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Term
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Definition
Current = (Voltage/Resistance)
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Term
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Definition
| An electric circuit with devices connected so that the same electric current flows through each of them. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electric circuit with two or more devices connected so that the same voltage acts across each one, and any single one completes the circuit independently of the others. |
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Term
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Definition
(1) Btwn magnets, it's the attraction of unlike magnetic poles and the repulsion like magnetic poles.
(2) Btwn a magnetic field and a moving charge, it is a deflecting force due to the motion of the charge: the deflecting force is perpendicular to the velocity of the charge and perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. This force is greatest when the charge moves perpendicular to the field lines and is smallest wen it moves parallel. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of magnetic influence around a magnetic pole or a moving charged particle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clustered regions of aligned magnetic atoms. When these regions themselves are aligned with one another, the substance containing them is a magnet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A magnet whose field is produced by an electric current. It is usually in the form of a wire coil with a piece of iron inside the coil. |
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Term
Electromagnetic Induction |
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Definition
The induction of voltage when a magnetic field changes with time. If the magnetic field within a closed loop changes in any way, a voltage is induced in the loop.
Voltage Induced~(number of loops x Magnetic Field Change/ Time) |
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Term
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Definition
| The law of electromagnetic induction, in which the induced voltage in a coil is proportional to the number of loops multiplied by the rate at which the magnetic field changes within those loops. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electromagnetic induction device that produces electric current by rotating a coil within a stationary magnetic field. |
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Term
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Definition
A device for transferring electric power from one coil of wire to another by means of electromagnetic induction. Two Different Coils.
(Primary Voltage/# of Primary Turns) = (Secondary Voltage/ # of Secondary Turns) |
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Term
Force of Interaction Btwn Magnetic Poles
(Eq.) |
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Definition
F = (P1P2/d2)
P1 and P2 represent magnetic pole strengths and d represents the distance between the poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Waves with frequency below 20 Hz |
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Term
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Definition
| Waves with frequency above 20,000 Hz |
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Term
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Definition
| Sound due to multiple reflections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sound continues through a medium and bends. |
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