Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Physical Science Final
PS100 BYU
185
Science
Undergraduate 1
08/09/2011

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the sources of knowledge?
Definition

Authority

Intuition

Reason

Sensory Data

Term
What are the self evident truths?
Definition

Existence

Causality

Position Symmtry

Time Symmetry

Principle of non contradiction

Occam's razor

Term
What is position symmetry?
Definition
The idea that no matter where in the universe you are at the laws of nature apply the same way.
Term
What is time symmetry?
Definition
The idea that in the past and in the future the laws of nature will stay the same as they are now.
Term
What is a force?
Definition
The push or pull on an object
Term
What are the forces, from greatest distance to smallest distance?
Definition

Gravity

Electromagnetic

Weak Nuclear

Strong Nuclear

 

Term

How is gravity affected by an increase in mass?

 

Definition

The gravitational forces increase.

 

Term
How is gravity affected by distance?
Definition
As distance increases the force of gravity gets weaker.
Term
What is happening to the moon?
Definition

it is in constant freefall and applies a force on the earth. moves in astraight line

Term

Ch. 4

 

Definition
Term
What are the principles of relative dating?
Definition

Original Horizontality

Superposition

Cross-cutting Relationships

Inclusions

Faunal Succession

Term
What is original horizontality?
Definition
sedeimentary rocks are deposited in horizontal layers.
Term
What is superposition?
Definition
In a stack of sedimentary layers, the oldest layer will be on the bottom and the youngest on the top.
Term
What is a cross-cutting relationship
Definition
Rocks are older than the features (such as faults) or rocks that crosscut them.
Term
what is an inclusion
Definition

solid materials enclosed within another solid are older than the rock that encloses them.

 

Term
what is Faunal succession?
Definition
fossils help us determine the age of the rocks.
Term
What are we dating in rocks?
Definition
Thermal events, not the elements.
Term

How are igneous rocks formed?

 

Definition
when magma, cools to a solid state either below or at Earth's surface.
Term
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Definition
When sediments from rocks that broke apart come together and are deposited together and form rocks, either chemically of mechanically.
Term
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Definition
rocks are changed over time by some combination of heat, pressure, and fluids to become different rocks and new mineral combinations.
Term
What are the evidences of earth's interior?
Definition

direct observations (drilling, mantle inclusions)

Meteorites

Gravity & Density

Seismic Waves (shadow zones)

Magnetic fields

 

Term
What are the mechanical models of earths structure?
Definition

Lithosphere (solid)

Asthenosphere (plastic/semi-solid)

Outer core (liquid) (iron and nickel)

Inner Core (solid) (iron-nickel)

Term
What is continental drift?
Definition
continents are being pushed down by gravity and are floating on top of a semi-solid (plastic) thing called Asthenosphere.
Term
Divergent Oceanic-Oceanic
Definition

Sea Rifts

Volcanoes

Earth quakes

Term
Divergent Continental-Continental
Definition

Earthquakes

Volcanoes

makes water larger

 

Term
Convergent Ocean-Ocean
Definition

Subduction

Earthquakes

Volcanoes

Trenches

tsunami

island arcs

 

Term
Convergent Ocean-Continent
Definition

Earthquakes

Subduction

Volcanoes

 

Term
Convergent Continent-Continent
Definition

Mountains

Earthquakes

 

Term

What increases the temperature?

 

Definition
the radiation of sunlight through the atmosphere, which melts methane ice and releases it into the atmosphere.
Term
What formed Delta's?
Definition
Rivers
Term
Evidence of Climate change
Definition

Solar radiation cycles

Temperature change

CO2 and Methane

Term
How were the Jovian Planets formed?
Definition
the planets were formed in the outer portions of the galaxy where ice could form and create planets.
Term
How do we determine distances for stars?
Definition

Radar Ranging for close things

Triangulation for things that are more distant

Term
How did we determine the age of earth?
Definition
by dating the meteors, probably cores of unformed planets that have struck the earth and asuming they are the same age.
Term
What is the life history of typical star?
Definition

Nebula

Protostar

Main Fusion stage

Red giant

White Dwarf

Term
What will the sun eventually form?
Definition
White Dwarf
Term
How does the history of smaller and bigger stars differ from typical stars?
Definition
Term
How can we use the HR diagram to determine distance?
Definition
comparing the apparant luminosity with that of the absolute luminosity.
Term
what is redshift?
Definition
traveling away
Term
what is blue shift?
Definition
traveling towards you
Term

what is an elliptical galaxy?

are they growing and forming new stars?

Definition
Term
what is a spiral galaxy?
Definition
Term
What is a Barred galaxy
Definition
Term
What is an Irregular galaxy
Definition
Term
How can you determine the age of a galaxy
Definition
Term
What are the Cepheid variables?
Definition
Term
Red shift?
Definition
Expansion of Universe
Term
How did the Microwave background radiation form?
Definition
from the big band, shows that the universe is stretching.
Term
Composition of the univere (H, He)
Definition
Term
What are the evidences of the Big Bang Model?
Definition

-expansion of Universe (red shift)

-Microwave Background radiation

-Composition of Universe (H, He)

-Dark Night Sky (Olber's Paradox)

Term
What is the longest stage for a typical star?
Definition
Term
Reversible process
Definition
the entropy in the universe stays the same, the event can be played backwards and not look funny.
Term
irreversible process
Definition
when the entropy in the universe stays the same
Term
from most ordered to least ordered what are the forms of energy
Definition

Kinetic energy

Elastic potential

Nuclear Potential

Electromagnetic Potential

Chemical Potential

Thermal

Term
Element
Definition
single atom, consistent.
Term
Compound
Definition
a mixture of element together that come together
Term
Alloy
Definition
A mixture of Metals
Term
Mixture
Definition
Things are mixed together but are not forming compounds
Term
Solution
Definition
something disolved in a liquid
Term
Atomic matter
Definition
matter composed of only atoms, not molecules
Term
Molecular Matter
Definition
matter that exists as molecules in the solid, liquid and gas state.
Term
Network Matter
Definition
Term

structure of Molecules?

Formulas

Shapes

Definition
Term
Mass Spectroscopy
Definition

[image][image]

 

Term
IR Spectroscopy
Definition
Term
When Chemicals bond they form new orbits
Definition
Term
Importance of Valance Electrons?
Definition
Term
Conservation of Matter
Definition
Term
Conservation of Charge
Definition
Term
How do Catalysts affect reactions?
Definition
Term
How do reactions effect entropy?
Definition
Term
what is activation energy?
Definition
Term
What is Chemical Equilibrium?
Definition
Term
what are the properties of Metals?
Definition

sea of elecrons

opaque

shiny

maleable

ductile

conductive

network of atoms

 

Term
what are the properties of the electrons in Metal bonds?
Definition

include huge number of atoms

lots of energy levels

electrons free to move

Term
What are semi-conductors?
Definition
has a band gap that prevents it from touching, but the band gap is closed when it is heated up, then the metals touch and transmit electrons.  When an LED is cooled the band gap increases and the energy of an electron must be greater to make up for this. the color goes up the spectrum.
Term
what happens to the color of an LED when it is cooled down?
Definition
Term
Properties of Ionic Bonds?
Definition

high melting/boiling

metals/nonmetals

transparent

 ions

 

Term
What happens with the electrons in Ionic bonds?
Definition

localized near atom

Not Free to move

Few electron energy levels

Term
Why do Ionic bonds form?
Definition

Valance Electrons

Electromagnetic Attraction

Term
What is the same between Ionic and Metalic bonds?
Definition

Network Solids

High Melting Temperatures

Term
Covalent bond properties?
Definition

Melting and Boiling temperatures, typically low.

electrically conductive when liquified

 

Term
What are the electrons doing in covalent bonds?
Definition
Share Electrons
Term
Polar bonds/non polar bonds?
Definition
Term
electronegativity, what is it?
Definition
Term
Intermolecular forces in Covalant bonds?
Definition

dispersion

dipole-dipole

Hydrogen Bond

Term
Covalent Materials Properties?
Definition

electrons move from molecule to molecule

low boiling point

non-metal/metal

 

Term
Saturated fats?
Definition

unsaturated fats-good, double bnds, kink

saturated fat-single bond, no kink

trans-fat double bond no king

the longer the chain the higher the melting temperature

Term
Unsaturated fats
Definition
Term
Trans Fatty Acids
Definition
Term
what happens as a fatty acids chain gets longer?
Definition
Term
Chain Silicates?
Definition
Term
Sheet Silicates?
Definition
Term
Network silicates?
Definition
Term
Properties of the Strong Force?
Definition
Term
Nuclear Potential Energy?
Definition
Term
how does an atom gain or lose nuclear potential energy?
Definition
Term
how does nuclear potential energy relate to mass per nucleon?
Definition
Term
In Fussion which atoms are likely in use?
Definition
Term
In Fission which atoms are likely to fission?
Definition
Term
why does Radioactive decay happen?
Definition
Term
What process requires huge amounts of energy?
Definition
Term
What are the properties of Fussion?
Definition
Term
What are the properties of Fission?
Definition
Term
What are Sheer/Transverse Waves?
Definition
Term
What are Longitudinal/compression waves?
Definition
Term
What is wavelength of a wave?
Definition
Term
What is Frequency in a wave?
Definition
Term
What is the speed of waves?
Definition
Term
what is amplitude?
Definition
Term
What are the properties of waves?
Definition

Reflection

Refraction

Diffraction

Interferences

Term
Nodes and Antinodes are found in...?
Definition
Standing Waves
Term
What is the Dopplar Effect?
Definition
Term
Wave nature of Light?
Definition

experiments?

diffraction

interference

Term
Particle behavior of light?
Definition

Low light photography

Photoelectric effect...?

Term
Relationship between light frequency and energy of light?
Definition
Term
what would you see if you sent a single photon through a double slit?
Definition
Term
what would happen if you sent many photons through a double slit?
Definition
Term
what would happen if you could measure which slit the photon went through?
Definition
Term
What determines density?
Definition
Term
How does density relate to states of matter?
Definition
Term
the states of matter?
Definition
Term
how does temperature affect the response of matter to force?
Definition
Term
The continuous model of matter?
Definition
Term
What are the 4 assumptions of the molecular model?
Definition

matter consists of tiny particles

different particles give different types of matter

the particles are in constant motion

particles obey laws of motion, conservation, gravitation & electomagnetism

 

Term
Key experiments for determing the nuclear atom
Definition

Gas discharge tubes

Oil drop

Gold foil

Light spectra

Term
What was wrong with the plum pudding model?
Definition
couldn't explain rutherfords gold foil experiment (no concentration of protons)
Term
What was wrong with the solar system model?
Definition
The model would radiate as the electrons moved in the orbits
Term
What was wrong with the modified solar system model?
Definition

it Only worked for Hydrogen

There was no physical basis for selected orbits

Term
Experiments on electrons that helped determine particle behavior of electrons?
Definition
Term
Experiments on electrons that determined the wave-like behavior.
Definition
young's two slit experiment
Term
When is the wavelike behavior of electrons important?
Definition
Term
what is the heisenberg uncertainty principle?
Definition
Term
what is uncertain for small particles?
Definition

position

momentum

Term

Thomson's plum pudding model?

What experiment determined it?

What does it state?

problems?

Definition
Term
in the quantum model of atoms where are the electrons located?
Definition
Term
what are orbitals?
Definition
Term
what are the electron wells up to the third shell?
Definition

__  __  __  __  __  3d

__  __  __  3p

__  3s

 

 

__  __  __  2p

__  2s

 

 

__  1s

 

 

Term
what are the different orbital shapes?
Definition
Term
what is the relationship to size on the periodic table?
Definition
  and 
Term
What is the relationship of Ionization Energy? 
Definition
 →  and [image]
Term
What is the point of a period in the periodic table?
Definition
Term
what is newton's first law?
Definition
Term
Newton's 2nd law?
Definition
Term
Newton's 3rd law?
Definition
Term
what is the buoyant force equal to?
Definition
Term
What happens when observing an object moving at about the speed of light?
Definition
Term
What is motion symmetry
Definition
Term
what are muons, what do they show?
Definition
Term
What are the things that are conserved?
Definition
Term
What is Kinetic Energy?
Definition
Term
What is potentia energy?
Definition
Term
What is inertial energy?
Definition
Term
How is energy transferred?
Definition
Term
what is conduction?
Definition
Term
what is convection?
Definition
Term
what is radiation?
Definition
Term
when and what types of energy are conserved?
Definition
Term
what are the 4 ways of learning?
Definition

intuition

sensory data

authority

reason

Term
What are the six self evident truths?
Definition

occam's razor

existence

timesymetry

position symetry

noncontradiction

causality

Term
What is a force?
Definition
Term
what are the forces?
Definition
Term
As mass increases what happens to the force of gravity?
Definition
Term
What is happening to the moon?
Definition
Term
As distance increase what happens to the force of gravity?
Definition
Term
As the charge increases what happens to the force?
Definition
Term
Do protons ever move in physics?
Definition
Term
What happens to the elctromagnetic force as distance increases?
Definition
Term
as depth increases what happens to preassure?
Definition
Term
In what direction is the force of pressure on things?
Definition
Term
The laws of nature are the same for all observers in the same referance frame?
Definition
Term
what happens to the spped of light from different perspectives?
Definition
Term
what is the idea of simultaneity?
Definition
Term
What does the observer observe when something is moving at the speed of light?
Definition
Term
what energies are conserved?
Definition
Term
does a pendulum maintain the angular momentum?
Definition
Term
what are the proofs of continental drifts?
Definition

jigsaw fit of continents

MAtching cross-continent strutural trends

fossil

paleoclimatic

sea-floor magnetic reversal stripes

world-wide earthquake patterns

Sea-floor topography

Seafloor age

Seafloor sediments thickness

Supporting users have an ad free experience!