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Physical Science 101
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
112
Science
Undergraduate 1
05/11/2012

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Cards

Term
What is stellar parallax?
Definition
The slight back and forth shifting of star positions that occur when we view the stars during different positions in Earth’s orbit around the sun.
Term
What is stellar parallax?
Definition
The slight back and forth shifting of star positions that occur when we view the stars during different positions in Earth’s orbit around the sun.
Term
Which magnitude scale gives the true brightness of a star?
Definition
Absolute Magnitude Scale
Term
What is the name of the line of stars on the HR Diagram that goes from the upper left corner down to the lower right?
Definition
Main Sequence
Term
What is likely to be the final stage of our Sun's life?
Definition
White/Black Dwarf
Term
What are some features of a neutron star?
Definition
hot temperature
Term
When two dwarf stars orbit eachother, they revolve around a point in space called ___________?
Definition
collective center of mass
Term
Which of the Terrestrial planets is "Earth's Twin"?
Definition
Venus
Term
Which of Jupiter's moons has active volcanoes?
Definition
Io
Term
Why isn't Pluto classified as a planet anymore?
Definition
it does not have a cellestial body
Term
What is a meteorite?
Definition
large mass of rock-like material within the solar system
Term
What does the term revolution mean in terms of the motion of the Earth?
Definition
movement of Earth around the Sun
Term
When the Moon is directly between the Sun and the Earth and casts its shadow on the Earth, this is known as a __________?
Definition
solar elipse
Term
The oldest features of the lunar surface are the __________?
Definition
lunar highlands
Term
What is the name of the hypothesis describing the formation of the Moon?
Definition
Impact Theory
Term
What is the name of the hypothesis that propose the solar system started out as a rotating cloud of gas?
Definition
The Nebular Hypothesis
Term
What does the term rotation mean in terms of the movement of Earth around the Sun?
Definition
The spinning of Earth on its axis
Term
What is the phase called when the moon is nearly full, but not quite full?
Definition
Gibbous?
Term
Can terrestrial planets hold on to heavy gasses like CO^2, but not lighter ones, like hydrogen?
Definition
Gravity is not sufficient enough to hold light gasses permanently
Term
Describe a geocentric model of the solar system.
Definition
The theory that the Earth is at the center of the universe and other objects move around it.
Term
Which western astronomer was famous for fisrt publishing the idea of a heliocentric model for the solar system?
Definition
Nicolaus Copernicus
Term
What is retrograde motion?
Definition
The apparent westward motion of the planets with respect to the stars
Term
Johannes Kepler discovered that the shape of planets' orbits around the Sun was not a circle but a(n) __________?
Definition
elliptical path
Term
Name one of the things that Galileo discovered by looking through his telescope.
Definition
The discovery of Jupiter's four largest satelites, or moons.
Term
What is Newton's First Law of Motion?
Definition
Inertia- n object at rest will maintain at the same unless directed by a force
Term
Scientists agree that ___________ drives plate tectonics, they just don't know how exactly this happens.
Definition
convection current
Term
What is slab pull?
Definition
A mechanism that contributes to plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and pulls the trailing lithosphere along
Term
What is a ridge push?
Definition
It is a sliding plate force that causes the plate to move away from the crest of an ocean ridge
Term
What is slab suction?
Definition
When slabs of the plate start to pull away because the oldest and coldest areas start to subduct on their own
Term
What is the difference between lava and magma?
Definition
Magma is molten rock below Earth's surface and lava is magma that has reached the surface
Term
Which rocks formed first on Earth's surface?
Definition
igneous rocks
Term
What causes some igneous rocks to be coarse-grained and some to be fine-grained?
Definition
coarse-grained rocks cool slowly and fine-grained rocks cool quickly
Term
How are detrial sedimentary rocks classified?
Definition
partical size
Term
What is the name for the layers associated with sedimntary rock beds?
Definition
strata
Term
Who came of with the theory of Continental Drift?
Definition
Alfred Wegner
Term
Why did geologists originally reject the theory of Continental Drift?
Definition
He couldn't explain the mechanism for movement
Term
The invention of __________helped geologists explore the ocean floor after World War II.
Definition
sonar
Term
What type of boundary creates trenches (subduction zones)?
Definition
convergent plate boundaries
Term
An area on the inside of a plate that has volcanic activity is known as ____________?
Definition
continental volcanic arc
Term
Compare and contrast a sea breeze to a land breeze.
Definition
Sea breeze- originates from water and travels to land creating a cooling effect Land breeze- originates on dry land, during the night, and travels over bodies of water, cooling it
Term
Describe how a Chinook wind forms.
Definition
They form from strong downhill winds and increase temperature
Term
What device measures wind direction?
Definition
wind vane
Term
What device measures wind speed?
Definition
cup aneumeter
Term
What angle (in degrees) is used to indicate wind coming out of the sounth?
Definition
180 degrees
Term
What is air pressure?
Definition
Force exerted by the weight of the air above
Term
What is the force that generates wind?
Definition
gradient force
Term
How will the Coriolis Effect change wind direction?
Definition
Because of Earth's rotation, currents are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemishpere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
Term
What sort of weather is associated with low pressure systems?
Definition
bad weather (thunderstorms)
Term
What is a monsson?
Definition
An extreme change in wind direction
Term
What type of air mass originats in Canada?
Definition
polar air mass
Term
What would be the first thing you would see as a warm front approaches from the west
Definition
fog
Term
What shape does a mid-latitude cycle make once it is mature?
Definition
circle
Term
What type of cloud is associated with a thunderstorm?
Definition
cummulonimbus
Term
Where in the U.S. are thunderstorms most often found?
Definition
The South
Term
When you throw a ball upward, after it has left your hand, which of the following is true concerning its motion?
Definition
Its acceleration is constant
Term
You give a book a quick shove across a table. Why does it come to rest?
Definition
Friction causes it to slow down
Term
When the rocket engines on that Starship Enterprise are suddenly turned off, while traveling in empty space, the starship will _________?
Definition
move with constant velocity
Term
A car traveling at some speed "v" rolls up a hill. Compare its kinetic energy "KE", to its potential energy "PE".
Definition
KE decreases and PE increases
Term
When a liquid boils ________.
Definition
heat energy enters the substance
Term
The process whereby heat is transferred by light waves is called ___________?
Definition
radiation
Term
By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flame?
Definition
conduction
Term
What gas is the most abundant in the atmosphere?
Definition
nitrogen
Term
On average, for every 1 km increase in altitude in the troposphere, the air temperature ___________.
Definition
drops about 6.5C
Term
Temperature increases in the stratosphere because ozone absorbs ______________ radiation.
Definition
ultraviolet
Term
The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere produced by certain heat aborbing gasses is called the _____________________.
Definition
greenhouse effect
Term
The wavelengths of radiation emitted by Earth are ______________.
Definition
longer than those emitted by the Sun
Term
The cloud form that consists of globular cloud masses that take on a billowy or "cauliflower-like" structure is called ____________.
Definition
cumulus
Term
This cloud sometimes produces "mare's tails".
Definition
cirrus
Term
Hail is most commonly associated with ___________ clouds.
Definition
cumulonimbus
Term
This fog forms in valleys at night.
Definition
radiation fog
Term
The type of precipitation consisting of water droplets smaller than 0.5mm in diameter is called __________.
Definition
drizzle
Term
Stability prevails when the environmental lapse rate is _____________________.
Definition
greater than the dry adiabatic rate
Term
The most important process of cloud formation in the atmosphere is ______________.
Definition
cooling by the expansion of air
Term
The standard sea level pressure in millibars is _________?
Definition
1013mb
Term
Lines on a weather map connecting places of equalair pressure are called __________.
Definition
isobars
Term
The jet stream is ________________.
Definition
1) generally faster than surface winds 2)unaffected by the Coriolis Effect
Term
In the Northern Hemisphere, winds associated with a high pressure system blow ____________.
Definition
countercloskwise and outward from the center
Term
The Sahara and Austrailian deserts (among others) are associated with the __________.
Definition
subtropical high
Term
A cT air mass is ___________.
Definition
warm and dry
Term
This air mass is the source of much of the moisture for precipitation in the central and eastern United States.
Definition
mT
Term
Cold fronts and warm fronts in the middle latitudes are often associated with a ______________.
Definition
1) low pressure 2) middle-latitude cyclone
Term
After the center of a mid-latitude cyclone passes, you should expect ___________.
Definition
barometric pressure to rise
Term
T/F: Earth's atmosphere ends quite abruptly at an altitude of 40 km.
Definition
0
Term
Firbanks, Alaska has more hours of daylight in June than Miami, Florida.
Definition
1
Term
If it were not for the inclination of Earth's axis, there would be no well-defined seasons.
Definition
1
Term
Weather and Climate are synonymous terms.
Definition
0
Term
Distance variations between Earth and the Sun are very important in understanding seasonal temperature variations.
Definition
0
Term
A molecule of ozone contains two atoms of oxygen and one atom of nitrogen.
Definition
0
Term
In the middle and high latitudes, annual temperature range increases as you travel toward the interior of continents.
Definition
1
Term
Ozone is concentrated in the mesosphere.
Definition
0
Term
If the temperature rises and the amount of moisture in the air remains unchanges, the relative humidity will increase.
Definition
0
Term
Air pressure increases as altitude increases.
Definition
0
Term
When air rises, it expands and cools adiabatically.
Definition
1
Term
Air that reists vertical motion is described as being stable.
Definition
1
Term
Clouds form because rising air cools as it comes in contact with colder air aloft.
Definition
0
Term
When unstable air is forced to rise, clear weather conditions are expected.
Definition
0
Term
Relative humidity is usually expressed as a percent.
Definition
1
Term
High pressure systems are usually associated with stormy weather.
Definition
0
Term
Aneroid barometers are preferred over mercury barometers.
Definition
1
Term
A southwest wind blows toward the northeast.
Definition
1
Term
An isobar is a line connecting places of equal humidity.
Definition
0
Term
Horizontal movement of air is called wind.
Definition
1
Term
The existence of jet streams was first determined by Ben Franklin as a result of his kite experiments.
Definition
0
Term
Most of the people living in the United States are under the influence of the wind belt known as the westerlies.
Definition
1
Term
Closely spaced isobars indicate high wind speeds.
Definition
1
Term
Continental polar air masses seldom influence the wether south of the Great Lakes.
Definition
0
Term
Cold fronts usually move more slowly than warm fronts.
Definition
0
Term
Most severe thunderstorms that occur in the middle latitudes form along or ahead of cold fronts.
Definition
1
Term
Tornadoes are difficult to predict.
Definition
1
Term
Tornadoes are cylonic while hurricanes are anticylonic.
Definition
0
Term
The Fujita scale rates the intensity of a hurricane.
Definition
0
Term
Hurricanes form between the latitudes of 5 degrees and 20 degrees.
Definition
1
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