Term
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Definition
| Distinguishes between aldehydes and ketones. Ag+ and ammonia oxidizes aldehydes but not ketones. A "silver mirror" is formed if the silver ion is reduced by an aldehyde. |
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Term
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Definition
Gives a positive result with an aldehyde functional group with an adjacent hydroxyl group. Cu^2+ added to aldehydes and reheated. A brick-red color and solids show positive. It is negative with simple aldehydes and ketones.
Positive:
CH3-CH-C-H
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OH O |
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Term
| What are needed to reduce aldehydes and ketones? |
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Definition
| Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4) and Hydrogen (H2). A nickel, platnum or palladium catalyst is used. |
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Term
| What forms when you reduce an aldehyde? |
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Definition
Primary Alcohol
CH3-CH2-C-H + H2 -> CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
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O |
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Term
| What forms when you reduce a ketone? |
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Definition
Secondary Alcohol
CH3-C-CH3 +H2 (Ni) -> CH3-CH-CH3-OH
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O |
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Term
| What is one of the most common reactions of aldehydes and ketones? |
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Definition
| Addition of polar molecules to the carbonyl group which is reactive due to the polarity of the C=O double bond. |
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Term
| What occurs in addition reactions? |
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Definition
The partially negative part of the adding molecule bonds with the partially positively charged carbonyl carbon.
O-X
\ \ /
C=O + X-Y -> C
/ / \
Y |
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Term
| Name the relative boiling points and forces for the current molecules. |
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Definition
Alkane -> Ether -> Aldehyde -> Ketone -> Alcohol
Dispersion-> Weak dipole -> Middle dipole -> Strong dipole -> Hydrogen |
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Term
| What are physical properties of Aldehydes (partly due to the carbonyl group) |
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Definition
Higher boiling points than alkanes and ethers of similar mass due to the Dipole bonding
Lower boiling points that alcohols of similar mass |
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Term
| Carbonyl compounds wth 1-4 carbons have what kind of water solubility? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbonyl compounds with 5 carbons have what kind of solubility? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbonyl compounds with 6 or more carbons have what knd of water solubility? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you add water to aldehydes and ketones, what do you create? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the addition of water work with the carbonyl group? |
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Definition
| The partially negative -OH group bonds with the carbon. The -H bonds with the partially negative oxygen. |
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Term
| What is the name of formaldehyde when it goes through a water addition reaction and forms a hydrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name aldehydes other than Formaldehyde get when they go through an addition of water reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the formula for the reaction of formaldehyde with water |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the formula for acetaldehyde with it goes through a water addition reaction |
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Definition
H
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CH3-CH=O -> CH3-C-OH
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OH |
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Term
| What is the name of an aldehyde with chlorine atomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a chloral goes through a water addition reaction, describe what is formed. |
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Definition
OH
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Cl3C-C=O -> Cl3C-C-OH
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H H |
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Term
| What forms when aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the acetal product after an aldehyd or ketone reacts with alcohol. |
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Definition
| 2 alkoxy groups are added to the carbonyl carbon and water is released. |
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Term
| What is the product of acetaldehyde + 2 methyl alcohol? (Acetal formation) |
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Definition
Acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal
O-CH3
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CH3-C-H + H2O
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O-CH3 |
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Term
| What is the product of Propanone + 2 Ethyl alcohol? (Acetal formation) |
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Definition
Propanone diethyl acetal
O-CH2-CH3
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CH3-C-CH3 + H2O
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O-CH2-CH3 |
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Term
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Definition
| -O-CH3 as a substituent group |
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Term
| What is the name of the intermediary step when combining an aldehyde with alcohol? |
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Definition
Hemiacetal
Halfway to an acetal
(Hemi- part way, -acetal to an acetal.) |
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Term
| What is going on during the hemiacetal stage of combining an aldehyde to an alcohol? |
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Definition
The first of the 2 alcohol molecules bnds to the carbonyl carbon, forming a hydroxyl group on the O and an alkoxy group to the same carbon atom.
Acetaldehyde+Methyl alcohol->Hemiacetal Intermediate
O-CH3
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CH3-CH=O + CH3-OH -> CH3-C-H
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OH |
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Term
| How is a cyclic hemiacetal formed? |
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Definition
When the carbonyl group and the -OH group are on the same molecule
HO-C-C-C-C-C-H
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O
A cyclic hemiacetal is formed with 1 Oxygen in the formed molecule and an H and -OH group off of the following carbon. |
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Term
| Are 5 and 6 atom cyclic hemiacetals and acetals more or less stable than their open-chained structures? |
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Definition
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