Term
| From left to right, correctly label each section of this slice of the Earth. |
|
Definition
| crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core |
|
|
Term
[image]The cross section above depicts magnetized oceanic crust at a spreading center. The "+" symbol indicates normal magnetic bands and the "-" symbol indicates reversed magnetic bands.
How many reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are depicted in the diagram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The understanding of sea-floor spreading instantly provided a mechanism for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When polar wander was discovered, what were the two possible interpretations? (fill in BOTH answers) |
|
Definition
the location of the poles are not fixed, and they move over time
the continents move over the poles over time |
|
|
Term
| Letters A through D shown on the map below are locations on Earth’s[image] surface. Which location is closest to a major zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic activities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Felsic rocks are mainly composed of these two elements & is the primary constituent of this crustal type: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The presence of what shows evidence of a metallic core? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Put the layers of the ophiolite sequence in order, starting with the TOP most layer. |
|
Definition
top to bottom:
sediment
pillow basalt
dikes
gabbro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is found deeper underneath continents than under oceans |
|
|
Term
| What happens in a ocean-continental collision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At a subduction zone, the downgoing (subducting) plate: |
|
Definition
| is always composed of oceanic lithosphere |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following increases with distance from a mid-ocean ridge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the driving mechanism in plate tectonics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the first scientist to conceptualize continental drift? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the sea floor, the rate of geothermal heat flow is greatest: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image]According to the picture below, the island of Molokai was probably over the hot spot approximately how many million years ago? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marine magnetic anomaly belts run parallel to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A compass today points directly to geographic north |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do scientists tell where the layers are inside the earth? |
|
Definition
| changes in seismic velocity as the seismic waves pass through the earth |
|
|
Term
| Earth's volume is constantly changing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the figure, what types of minerals are mafic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If I have an unknown mineral that can scratch fluorite but cannot scratch apatite, what is the hardness of that mineral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the three types of volcanoes, which one is the least explosive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volcanoes are often found in areas on Earth where: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is influenced by the: |
|
Definition
| all of the above are correct |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between lava and magma |
|
Definition
| after magma reaches the surface it s called lava |
|
|
Term
| Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, these have the most gently sloping sides due to the low viscosity of the basaltic lavas that form them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Hawaiian island chain is an example of a(n): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the majority of minerals, the streak color obtained (reddish brown) when the mineral is scratched against porcelain plate is: |
|
Definition
| likely to be diagnostic only if the mineral is hard enough to scratch porcelain |
|
|
Term
| he difference between basaltic and granitic magma is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image]Which mineral is the first to crystallize cooling from a melt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image]Base your answer to the following question on the graph below shows the relationship between the cooling time of magma and the size of the crystals produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common gas emitted by volcanoes is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large-scale eruptions can cause a drop in global temperatures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The [image]series below describes: |
|
Definition
| mineral formation from a magma |
|
|
Term
| Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals that do not possess cleavage are said to posses: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the atomic model on the right represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of mass wasting is shown in the diagram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WIth time, sediment transported by a fluvial system ___________. |
|
Definition
| becomes rounded and smaller |
|
|
Term
| Match the type of mass movement to its definition |
|
Definition
Creep: slow downhill movement of regolith
Slumping: sliding of regolith as coherent blocks
Mudflow: a slurry of water and fine sediment
Debris: a mudflow with many large rocks
Rock Slide: a slide consisting of rock only
Rockfall: vertical freefall of mass
Avalanches: turbulent cloud of debris and air
Solifluction: low downhill movement of tundra |
|
|
Term
| Point bars are deposited _____________ . |
|
Definition
| at the base of a waterfall |
|
|
Term
| Match the type of metamorphism with the anticipated outcome of either foliated or non-foliated rocks |
|
Definition
Thermal (contact) metamorphism: non-foliated
Burial metamorphism: foliated
Subduction metamorphism: foliated
Hydrothermal metamorphism: non-foliated |
|
|
Term
| Compared to low-grade metamorphic rocks, high-grade rocks: |
|
Definition
| are produced at greater temperatures and pressures |
|
|
Term
| The main driving force behind mass wasting is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following correctly describes the process that occurs during lithification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the maximum water velocity occur in a meander bend? |
|
Definition
| on the outside of the bend |
|
|
Term
| The region around the intrusion where the metamorphism occurs is called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure? |
|
Definition
| shale -- slate -- phyllite – schist -- gneiss |
|
|
Term
| Chemical weathering takes place most rapidly in environments that are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image]According to the graph, gneiss is formed at a depth of approximately: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where would one expect to find the most immature, poorly sorted, angular sediment? [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a rock called when it has both a metamorphic and an igneous component? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of pressure will result in the alignment of metamorphic minerals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a clastic sedimentary rock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image]Of the choices show below, the most common mature cross-sectional river valley profile is _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical and biochemical rocks are classified primarily on the basis of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a marine depositional environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the Earth is most prone to brittle deformation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The marble rind surrounding the granite pluton must be younger than the limestone according to the principle of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cratonic provence is exposed at the surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypocenter is located ____________ whereas the epicenter is located ______________. |
|
Definition
| on the fault surface; on the land surface |
|
|
Term
| How quickly do tsunamis move across the ocean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image]According to the picture above, which type of unconformity is present? |
|
Definition
| disconformity nonconformity |
|
|
Term
| Horizontal compression causes rocks: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fold is pictured here? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the half-life of a radioactive isotope is 1 million years, and a crystal forms containing 100 of these isotopes, how old is the crystal at the point when only 25 of the original radioactive isotopes are left in the crystal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a plunging fold different from a nonplunging fold? |
|
Definition
| hey have a hinge that is tilted |
|
|
Term
| How do rock particles move during the passage of a P wave through the rock? |
|
Definition
| back and forth parallel to the direction of wave travel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compass direction of the bed in map view |
|
|
Term
| Uniformitarianism can be characterized by: |
|
Definition
| the present is the key to the past |
|
|
Term
| Concerning the relative ages of the basalt and the fault, the: |
|
Definition
| their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given |
|
|
Term
| [image]In the map below, the vertical, north-south trending fault is a: |
|
Definition
| left-lateral strike-slip fault |
|
|
Term
| Half life is mass dependent and not time dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which rocks are the best to use for radiometric dating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The correct arrangement of the different types of geologic time divisions, from longest to shortest, is: |
|
Definition
| eons, eras, periods, epochs |
|
|
Term
| If we see a sedimentary bed that has a dike cutting through it as well as a fault that cuts through both the bed and the dike, we can use the principle of cross-cutting relationships to infer: |
|
Definition
| the bed formed first, then the dike, then the fault |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the term orogenesis? |
|
Definition
| it is the creation of mountain ranges |
|
|
Term
| Nearly all of the present mountain ranges are the products of single orogenic events. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an unweathered sample of igneous rock, the ratio of an unstable isotope to its stable daughter isotope is 1/15. If no daughters were present at the time the rock cooled below closure temperature, and the half-life of the reaction is 50 million years, how old is the rock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________. |
|
Definition
| fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks |
|
|
Term
| Valleys and hillsides carved by glaciers are generally more ____________ in comparison to those produced by rivers and streams. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ____________ of that element. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a ____________ fault, the fault plane is less than 45° from horizontal and the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motion along all faults is either strike slip or dip slip; combinations of these two types of displacement are never found together in a single fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uniformitarianism is succinctly summarized by which phrase? |
|
Definition
| The present is the key to the past. |
|
|
Term
| The surface below sedimentary rocks that overlie igneous or metamorphic rocks is termed a(n) ____________. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the lithology and fossil content of two bodies of rock on opposite sides of a canyon are identical, then these remaining outcrops were likely physically connected at one time and formed part of an extensive, sheet-like layer of rock.[image] This idea summarizes the principle of ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image]Contact #1 is an example of a(n) ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fold shaped like an upside-down bowl is a(n) ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________, in conjunction with relative age data |
|
Definition
| radiometric dating of igneous rocks |
|
|
Term
| A body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A polished surface produced by scraping of rock along a fault is termed a(n) ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Buried erosi[image]onal surfaces between parallel sedimentary strata are termed ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull’s-eye pattern of concentric circles, with the youngest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a(n) ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The age of Earth CANNOT be reliably estimated from sediment thicknesses because ____________. |
|
Definition
| all of the above are correct |
|
|
Term
| A fold shaped like an elongate arch is a(n) ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Precisely speaking, a measured radiometric age for a mineral crystal within an igneous rock denotes the amount of time that has passed since the |
|
Definition
| temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for the mineral |
|
|
