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| Modern humans apear on Earth when? |
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| Last ice age was how many years ago? |
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| the materials of which it is made, the processes that act on these materials, the products formed, and the history of the planet and its life forms since origin |
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Scientific Method Steps
1-4 |
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1.Recognize problem
2.Generate hypothesis
3.Test hypothesis
4.Develop theory |
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| the orbital plane of all planets in our solar system are nearly identical |
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Pluto has recently been termed a:
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Rock samples of the moon reflect:
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-similarities to Earth
-many differences to Earth
-believed to have collided with Earth
-Mars sized object |
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| Earth is made up of what percent Iron? |
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Earth is made up of what percent Oxygen?
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Earth is made up of what percent Silicon?
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| Earth is made up of what percent Magnesium? |
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| Earth is made up of what percent of the other 88 naturally occurring elements? |
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| How hot is the Inner Core? |
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| What is the inner core made out of? |
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What is the inner core's density?
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13 g/cm cubed
Water is 1 g/cm |
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Is the inner core shrinking or expanding as the Earth cools?
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What is the outer core made of?
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What is the density of the outer core?
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What does convecting mean?
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| What is special about the outer core? |
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| it produces Earth's magnetic field |
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| Is the outer core increasing or decreasing? |
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| decreasing as the Earth cools becoming more of the inner core |
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| How do we know the composition of the core? |
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from:
-measurements of Earth's density
-meteorites(remnant cores of destroyed planets) |
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What is the largest part of the Earth?
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| The mantle is composed of peridotite rock rich in? |
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-iron
-magnesium
-silicon |
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How do we know what kind of materials are found in the mantle?
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| volcanoes are splurting it out |
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| What is the density range of the mantle? |
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| 5.5 g/cm at base to 3.5 g/cm at top |
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| What are the three parts of the mantle? |
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| lower mantle, transition zone, and upper mantle |
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The crust makes up what percent of the Earth's mass?
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| How thick is Oceanic crust? |
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| How think is Continental crust? |
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| What is the density of oceanic crust? |
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| What is the density of continental crust? |
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| Oceanic crust is rich in what? |
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| Continental crust contains more what and less Iron and Magnesium? |
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| If the light source moves away from you its wavelength increases which is " " shift |
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| Continental Drift was proposed by who? |
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| Wegener coined the term " " which is a super continent? |
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| Pangaea broke apart in what period? |
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| Mesozoic ~ 180 Million years ago |
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| Wegener's evidence for his theory was (5): |
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1. Jigsaw puzzle fit to the continents
2. Locations of past glaciations
3. Distribution of Equatorial Climatic Belts
4.Distribution of fossils
5. Identical rocks
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| scratches on bedrock from sediment trapped in the glacial ice |
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sediment deposited by a glacier
(a mixture of mud, sand, cobbles, and boulders) |
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| lush vegetation like that found in swamps and jungles |
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| coral reefs in tropical areas |
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| evaporating seawater or salt lakes in desert |
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The fundamental premise of the Distrubution of Fossils theory is that animals cannot:
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| In what time periods were fossils discovered from different continents? |
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| What reptile fossils were found in Africa and South America? |
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| Cynognathus, Mesosaurus, and Lystrosaurus(also Antarctica and India) |
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| What fern fossil was found in Africa, South America, India, Antarctica, and Australia? |
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Precambrian rocks are found where?
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East coast of South America and West coast of Africa
(570 million years old) |
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| The Appalachians can be found in what three areas? |
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| eastern North America, western Africa, and western Europe |
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| Wegener's theory was wrong because why? |
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| He believed that the continents moved by sliding over the ocean floor - it is said to be physically impossible |
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| Define: Paleomagnetism... |
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| the record of ancient magnetism preserved in rock |
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| What three(3) things make the outer core have a magnetic field? |
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| iron-richness, liquid, convection |
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| The Earth's magnetic field has the following properties(4): |
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-Dipole(contains a north and south pole)
-currently the dipole is tilted 11 degrees to the rotational axis(not aligned directly with geographical poles)
-magnetic declination
-the tilt of the dipole never exceeds 15 degrees to the geographic poles |
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| At the magnetic equator, magnetic fields are " " to the Earth's surface? |
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| At the magnetic poles, magnetic fields are " " to the Earth's surface? |
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| What is the most common rock affected by paleomagnetism? |
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Basalt is a " "-rich rock that forms from magma and is usually " " in color
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| What produces paleomagnetism? |
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| the alignment of the iron atom dipoles with the Earth's magnetic field lines during cooling and solidification of the lava |
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Apparent Polar-Wander Paths Definition:
the path on the Earth's surface indicating the path of
"_____ _____" as determined from "_______"
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| continental drift, paleomagnetism |
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| Three(3) things to know about Polar-Wander Paths: |
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(1) Magnetic inclination - indicates latitude(N/S motion) of continent
(2) Magnetic declination - indicates longitude(E/W motion) of continent
(3) Indicates age of rock |
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| Sea Floor Spreading was proposed by: |
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| Mid-Ocean Ridge is a long, linear, elevated, "____" structure typically lying along the "____" of the ocean floor. |
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| How far above the flanking ocean floor is a mid-ocean ridge elevated? |
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| Harry Hess proposed that the ocean floor moved "___" in the opposite directions from mid-ocean ridges |
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| away (Seafloor Spreading) |
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| If new ocean crust is being produced at mid-ocean ridges, then old ocean floor must be "_____" somewhere |
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| consumed (Deep Ocean Trenches) |
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| Poles switch every few "_____" thousand year |
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| What anomaly records magnetic reversals? |
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| If the dipole points fro north to south, Earth has " " polarity. |
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| The ocean floor is made up of what kind of rock primarily? |
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| Whta kind of polarity are the poles today? |
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| The Ocean floor is not older than "____" Million years old. |
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| Pangaea began to break up about "____" million years ago. |
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| The processes associated with the creation, movement, and destruction of Earth's lithosphere plates is called "_____ ______" |
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| What is the unifying concept of how the outer part of the Earth evolves? |
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| How many plates make up the crust of the Earth? |
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| Mantle is mostly "____" with small amounts of liquid present(magma). |
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| The mantle is composed of "____" and "____" rich silicates termed "______" |
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iron and magnesium
peridotite |
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| The middle of the mantle is termed the "______"-phere meaning "_____" |
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| The aesthenosphere is hot and slowly flowing which permits the "_____"-sphere to move. |
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| Upper portion of the aesthenosphere is rigid and is part of the "____"-sphere |
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| The "______" seperates the crust from the mantle. |
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| The crust density is 2.8 g/cm and the mantle is 4.5 g/cm so therefore the "_____" floats on the "_____" |
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| The "_____" is the top of the lithosphere. |
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| The lithosphere makes up the upper portion of the "_____" and includes all of the "_______" |
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| Oceanic crust is the thinnest at "_____-______ _______" |
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| Oceanic crust is thickest under "____ _____" |
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| "_____" activity is often, but not always, associated with plate boundaries. |
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| The "___" is the spot in the crust where the fault begins to slip. |
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| New lithosphere is produced aling this type of plate boundary? |
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| "_____" at mid-ocean ridges causes faulting. |
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| There are three(3) types of Convergent Plate Boundaries: Name them. |
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(1) Ocean-Continent
(2) Ocean-Ocean
(3) Continent-Continent |
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| An ocean trench is the "_____" part of the ocean. |
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| The "_____-_____" zone is where series of earthquakes occur in the subducting plate. |
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| An example of and Ocean-Ocean plate boundary would be the "______" Islands |
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The "_____" zone is
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the area where two continental plates have joined together through continental collision
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| There are no "______" along a Continent-Continent boundary. |
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| Continent-Continent boundaries start off as "______-_____" boundaries. |
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| A volcanic center that is the result of rising hot mantle material termed a plume is a what? |
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| How many hotspots have been identified world-wide? |
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| A plume of a hotspot forms in response to heat from "_____" decay in the mantle. |
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