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Definition
| Molten material in the Earth's interior...plutonic (intrsuive) rocks. Magma intrudes towards the surface. |
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| Molten material at Earth's surface. Lava extrudes onto Earth's surface, |
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| Lower pressure can induce melting. Deeper in Earth pressure and temperature increase. Pressure changes faster than temp. Rocks are poor conductors. |
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| Typically involves upwelling and/or intrusion of mantle material into overlying crust; hot fidge on ice-cream analogy. |
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| Silica rich. Felsic rocks are rich in quartz and feldspar and are light in color. Coarse felsic rock: granite. Fine felsic rock: rhyolite. Last to crystallize. Felsic lavas tend to errupt explosively and form thick ash deposits (greater viscosity.) Felsic melts first. |
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Definition
| Neither light nor dark colored. Coarse intermediate rock: diorite. Fine intermediate rock: andesite. |
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| Silica poor. Mafic rocks are rich in olivine and pyroxene and are dark in color. Coarse mafic rock: gabbro. Fine mafic rock: basalt. First to crystallize. Melts last. Mafic lavas have low viscosity and spreads easily. |
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Factors in Differences of Magma
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Definition
1. source rock composition 2. partial melting 3. assimilation 4.magma mixing 5.fractional crystallization |
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Definition
| Tabular intrusions of rock that cuts across the layering of the country rock |
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Definition
| nearly horizontal, tabletop-shaped tabular intrusions |
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Definition
| intrusions inject between layers, dome upwards |
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Definition
| irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size |
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Definition
| numerous plutons that do not extend all the way down to the base of the crust |
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| Factors that Control Cooling Time |
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Definition
1. depth of intrusion 2. shape and size of magma body 3. presence of circulating ground water |
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| Three Types of Magma Texture |
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Definition
1. glassy texture- more common in felsic rocks because silica inhibits crystal growth 2. interlocking texture 3. fragmental texture |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in oceans and continents, very high temps, typically very fluid lava, not prone to explosive erruptions, can spread out to cover wide lateral extent, low silica |
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Definition
| only in large volumes on continents, realtively low temp, explosive erruptions, high in silica therefore the gas gets stuck, most silic |
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Term
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Definition
| typical of stratovolcanoes located at convergent margins, typically intermediate, locally occurs with basalt/rhyolite, eruption style varies |
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Term
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Definition
| can be either Aa lava flow, which is runny, or pahoehoe lava, which is high in volatiles and can move very fast, basalt is the common lava type on Earth, occurs in a variety of settings, tends to be relatively nonviolent, typically nonexplosive but widespread lava flows. Basalt lava makes shield volcanoes. |
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Term
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Definition
| evidence of magmatic gases, semi-spherical voids in rock, results when there's a significant amount of gas in the lava and low pressure, usually at the top of the flow |
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Definition
| evidence of subaerial cooling, always indicate crystallization, exposed to air |
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Term
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Definition
| release of volatile constituents, often occurs in magmas near the surface. This may result in explosive erruptions which are more characteristic of rhyolite and andesite types than basalt. |
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Term
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Definition
| fien grained tephra, volcanic glass |
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Definition
| large spindle shaped pyroclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| very fast moving flow of ash and hot gas that is moving at 60mph, it's made of new eruptive material, unpredicatble |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics include enormous volumes, high erruptive rates, wide lateral extent, errupted by extensional forces. No volcanoes formed, lavas often low in viscosity (runny), spread laterally, usually attain great thickness through accumulation |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics include large volumes, high erruptive rates, very high heat flow, wide lateral extent |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral deposits formed at mid-ocean ridges by precipitation from superheated water, rich in important minerals |
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Term
Composite/ Stratovolcanoes |
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Definition
| andesite typically constitute the major component of the erruptive products, usually occuring with basalt and/or rhyolite. Such basalts typically forms flows that help give rise to the characteristic shape of the cone, ash is weak part of volcanoes makes soil loose, extremely common to have multiple volcanic episodes, one goes dormant and new one forms |
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Term
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Definition
| accumlation of loose ash and cinders, smaller than stratovolcanoes, lava comes out of bottom, nonviolent, typically occur in clusters |
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Term
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Definition
| broad, gentle domes formed from either low-viscosity basaltic lava or large pyroclastic sheets, only one with an effusive erruption: lava flows, low viscosity, basaltic lava |
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Term
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Definition
| large, typically circular volcanic depressions, several miles wide but can be much larger, usually formed by a collapse of a previous volcano, gas escapes |
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Definition
| unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains |
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Definition
| general process by which rocks are broken down at the Earth's surface. It involves little or no movement of material. The products of weathering are loose gravel, sand, clay, soils, and components dissolved in aqueous solutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs as a result of interactions with atmosphere and hydrosphere and involves chemical processes, usually leads to changes in the mineralogic and geochemical composition of parent material. Final products are different than originals. |
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Term
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Definition
| fragmentation by physical processes that do not change chemical composition, reduce size to individual particles, grain-size reduction greatly increases the total surface are available for chemical reactions and thus might enhance the chemical process. |
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| Factors Controlling Weathering |
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Definition
property of parent rock, climate-temp and abundance of water change the chemical process: warm and wet- chemical warm and dry- not much weathering cool and wet- physical cool and dry- not much weathering |
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Term
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Definition
| loose fragments of rocks and minerals broken off bed rock, mineral crystals that precipitate directly out of water, and shells. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms at or near the surface of the earth by the precipitation of minerals from water solutions, by the growth of skeletal materials from water solutions, by the cementing together of shell fragments or loose grains derived from preexisting rock. occur only in the upper part of the crust. |
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Term
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Definition
| soil developed into distinct zones |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of clasts/pieces of weathered preexisting rocks. constitute over 85% of all sedimentary rock |
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Definition
| composed of broken shell and skeletal fragments derived from organisms. many limestones |
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| Classification of Sedimentary Rocks |
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Definition
| Particle Name | Size | Rock Name | | Gravel | > 2mm | Conglomerate or breccia | | Sand | See pieces and feel them | Sandstone | | Silt | Can’t see, can feel pieces | Siltstone | | Clay | Can’t see or feel pieces | Shale/mudstone | |
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Definition
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Definition
| rock broken down into angular fragments |
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| rock broken down into rounded clasts |
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Term
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Definition
| buried and lithified quartz and feldspar |
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Term
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Definition
| any rock composed of calcitte |
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Definition
| organisims that destruct the layering of sedimentary rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of strata distinctive enough to be traced across a fairly large region |
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Term
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Definition
| internal laminations of ripples or dunes that are inclined at an angle to the boundrary of the main sedimentary layer |
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| Principle of Uniformitarianism |
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Definition
| present is the key to the past. (what happened a billion years ago still happens today) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of defining the age relations between the strata at one locality and the strata at another |
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Term
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Definition
| all sedimentary rocks are formed as sheets that are originally horizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| sedimentary rocks are formed by material that accumulates primarily under the influence of gravity: oldest layers on the bottom |
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Definition
| rocks exposed on either side of canyon match in both appearance and sequence reflect that strata was originally deposited as a continous sheet |
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Definition
| any igneous rock that intrudes another rock must be younger |
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Definition
| any remains of ancient life; usually preserved in rocks |
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Definition
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| broad areas, relative age of sedimentary rocks based on fossils |
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Definition
| sudden diversification in life with many new species appearing over short interval |
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Definition
| radioactive elements decay at a constant rate that can be measured in the lab and specified in years, used to date rocks |
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Definition
| the same through and throughout, cannot be broken down into smaller components |
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Definition
| a single, continous piece of a crystalline said bounded by flat suraces called crystal faces |
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Definition
| mineral with uninhibited growth |
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Definition
| minerals without well-formed crystal faces |
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Definition
| silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, hallides, carbonates, native metals |
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Term
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Definition
| molten, interlocking crystals, tough rocks, might look glassy/frothy, no layering, no fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| layers and fossils, particles, weather preexistng rocks, erosionm mass wasting, biology, fluids evaporate and precipitate minerals, salt, gypsum, dolomite, calcite |
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Term
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Definition
| "protolith", agents of change: heat, pressure, chemically reactive fluids. foliating or not foliating, often hard, mica, flakey, garnite, calcite in marble and limestone |
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Definition
alignment, aligned crystals or grains, grains generally fused |
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