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| in 1915 wrote the origin of continents and seas where he postulated a super continent existed |
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- Name of Algred Wegener's super continent
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- Alfred Wegener revived which notion in his book
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| downward crust fold due to folding and compression |
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| upward crust folding due to folding and compression |
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Definition
Normal
Reverse
Thrust
Strike-Slip |
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| most complicated type of fault |
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| fault does not cause any upward or downward movement |
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| Most widespread of all intrusive forms of magma |
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| deformation of earth's crust |
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| What ocean is the Pacific Ring of Fire located in |
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| % of worlds volcanoes found in the Ring of Fire |
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| Plate boundry where many volcanoes and earthquakes happen |
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Definition
Shield - wide and low to the ground (island forming)
Composite - symetrical steep shield
Lava Dome - dome grows from explosion within
Cinder Cone - smallest with steep sides |
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| volcano that is wide and low to the ground |
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Definition
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| volcano that is steep and symetrical |
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| 170 times in the last 100 million years |
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| times Earth's magnetic field changed direction |
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| measures slope of valcano and looks for swelling |
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| how is the nature of a volcano determined? |
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Definition
| by the amount of silica in the magma |
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| non explosive and quiet volcano |
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| piece of lithosphere that collides with continent and breaks off and attaches to the land of the continent |
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P - Primary waves move fast and are felt first
S - Secondary waves move side to side or up and down in a shearing motion |
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| Where are the oldest rocks found |
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| Divergent contact between plates |
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Definition
| magma wells up between plates. Upward flow of molten material produces a continuous like of active volcanoes |
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| Convergent contact between plates |
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Definition
| plates collide and are called "destructive" boundries because they result in removal or compression of the surface crust |
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| Transform contact between plates |
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Definition
| two plates slip past one another. This slippage happens along great vertical fractures called transform faults |
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Definition
| lowering of continental surfaces |
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| breaking down of rock into smaller components by atmospheric and biotic agents |
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| short downslope movement of broken rock material due to gravity |
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| more extensive and distant removeal, transportation and eventual deposition of fragmented rock material |
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| two ways mass wasting impacts the landscape |
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Definition
- fragmentation of bedrock
- open scar on the surface that was vacate and the accumulation of debri is deposited somewhere downslope from the scar
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Definition
| large joint that extends for long distances and through considerable thickness |
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| two prominents sets of joints that intersect almost at right angles |
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Definition
- Microscopic openings - occur in profusion
- joints - most common - prepare the bedrock for faults
- Faults - break in the bedrock along which there is relative displacement of the walls making up the crack
- Lava vesicles - holes that develop in cooling lava when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies
- Solution cavities - holes formed in calcareous (limestone) rock as soluble minerals are disolved and carried away by perculating water
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Term
| three atmospheric components of chemical weathering |
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Definition
oxidation - oxygen disolved in water comes in contact w certain rock minerals
hydrolysis - chemical union of water with another substance to produce a new substance that is softer and weaker than the original
carbonation - reaction between water and carbon monoxide |
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Term
| mass wasting and quick clays |
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Definition
| spontaniously change from a relatively solid mass to a near liquid condition as a result of a sudden disturbance or shock |
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Definition
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| three principles of weathering |
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Definition
- mechanical
- chemical
- biotic/biological
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| what type of weathering does not change the chemical composition of rock |
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Definition
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Definition
steepest angle on a slope without downward movement of rock
balance between the pull of gravity and the cohesion & friction of the rock material |
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| types of mechanical weathering |
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Definition
Frost Weding - freeze thaw action of water
Salt Weding - when salts crystalize out of solution as water evaporates
Temperature changes - fluctuation in temperatures from day to night & summer to winter
Exfoliation - curved layrs peel off bedgrock |
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| pieces of unsorted angular rock that fall |
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Definition
- Fall - taulus cones & taulus apron
- Creep - terracettes (compress soil in ridges) & solification (on frozen land)
- Flow - Earth flow & Mud flow
- Slide - Slump (backward rotation)
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| minerals and salts that have been dissolved and carried in the stream |
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| fine particles of clay and slit which are carried in suspension |
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| which load carries the greatest amount of material |
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| imaginary line that runs in the direction of the water and indicates the deepeset part of the stream |
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| 4 types of stream channel patterns |
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Definition
- straight - short and unusual
- sinious - winding with gentle and irregular curves
- meandering - extraordinarily intricate pattern
- braided streams - interwoven and interconnected channels
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| movement of small particles along a stream flow in a series of jumps and bounces |
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| occurs when rain drops collide with the ground and soil particles move up & out shifting lateraly |
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| which is the smalles and largest in a stream system? |
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Definition
| smallest is 1 and largest is 3 |
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Definition
| drainage pattern associated with streams descending from a concentric pattern |
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| trellis patter of drainage |
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Definition
| develops as a response to underlying band of tilted hard and soft strata with long parallel streams linked by short right angled segments |
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| what type of strata do knickpoints develop in? |
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Definition
| resistant top layer of strata |
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| where is the greatest amount of erosion in a straight flowing stream? |
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Definition
| center following the thalweg |
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| slower water movment in a straight stream happens where? |
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Definition
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| fastest movement of water in a straight stream |
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| greatest amount of erosion in a meandering stream |
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| interfluves seperate what? |
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| makes paths on soft bedrock |
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| centripetal drainage pattern |
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| mountain/volcano (radiates) |
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| develop on dome or basin forms a ring like pattern around the hill |
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Definition
| little to no hot water, water it has is converted to a stream |
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| karst topography studies what? |
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Definition
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Definition
sink holes
uvalas
swallow holes |
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Term
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| grow from top to the bottom |
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| kart topography's last feature to form |
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| where are most of worlds caves found |
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Definition
| where there are large deposits of limestone |
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Definition
| mix of carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate |
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Definition
| hot water being ejected out of a gyser |
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| what desolves great quantities of limestone |
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Definition
| acid made from carbonic acid dissolved in hot water |
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Term
| 3 things require in hydrothermal gyser |
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Definition
- weak/ broken ground surface
- abundance of water
- heat sour?
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| where is more than half of the worlds hydrothermal phenomenon |
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Definition
| Yellowstone Naitonal Park - 225 of 425 geysers are found in Yellowstone |
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| what kind of weathering has the least and the most affect on limestone? |
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Definition
mechanical has he least
chemical has the most |
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Term
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Definition
| function of water on minerals |
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| 2 stages in cavern formation |
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Definition
initial excavation - percolating water disolves limestone bedrock and leaves voids
decoration stage - when deposited water leaves compounds which create a variety of speleothems |
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Definition
| hot springs with little water drainage. water that is drained is converted to steam |
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| forms inside saves formed by compounds left behind by water |
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| 4 things you can see in Kars topography from the air |
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Definition
sink holes
uvala
dissapearing streams
disrupted surface drainage |
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| karst topography requires |
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Definition
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| what plates is California in? |
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Definition
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| most famous strike slip fault |
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Definition
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| overall effect of disintegration, wearing away and removal of rock material |
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