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Physical Geography Final
Chapter 14 15 16 17
93
Geography
Undergraduate 1
06/12/2014

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Cards

Term
  1. Alfred Wagner
Definition
in 1915 wrote the origin of continents and seas where he postulated a super continent existed
Term
  1. Name of Algred Wegener's super continent
Definition
Pangea
Term
  1. Alfred Wegener revived which notion in his book
Definition
continental drift
Term
downward crust fold due to folding and compression
Definition
syncline
Term
upward crust folding due to folding and compression
Definition
anticline
Term
four types of faults
Definition

Normal

Reverse

Thrust

Strike-Slip

Term
most complicated type of fault
Definition
Thrust faults
Term
fault does not cause any upward or downward movement
Definition
strike -slip
Term
Graben
Definition
downthrown block
Term
Horst
Definition
upthrown/uplifted block
Term
Most widespread of all intrusive forms of magma
Definition
Dikes
Term
deformation of earth's crust
Definition
diastrophism
Term
What ocean is the Pacific Ring of Fire located in
Definition
Pacific
Term
% of worlds volcanoes found in the Ring of Fire
Definition
75%
Term
Plate boundry where many volcanoes and earthquakes happen
Definition
Pacific Ring of Fire
Term
4 types of volcanoes
Definition

Shield - wide and low to the ground (island forming)

Composite - symetrical steep shield

Lava Dome - dome grows from explosion within

Cinder Cone - smallest with steep sides

Term
volcano that is wide and low to the ground
Definition
shield volcano
Term
volcano that is steep and symetrical
Definition
composite volcano
Term
170 times in the last 100 million years
Definition
times Earth's magnetic field changed direction
Term
Tiltmeter
Definition
measures slope of valcano and looks for swelling
Term
how is the nature of a volcano determined?
Definition
by the amount of silica in the magma
Term
Pryoclastic
Definition
high amount of silica
Term
non explosive and quiet volcano
Definition
low amounts of silica
Term
accreted terrane
Definition
piece of lithosphere that collides with continent and breaks off and attaches to the land of the continent
Term

P waves

S waves

Definition

P - Primary waves move fast and are felt first

 

S - Secondary waves move side to side or up and down in a shearing motion

Term
Where are the oldest rocks found
Definition
at the trench
Term
Divergent contact between plates
Definition
magma wells up between plates. Upward flow of molten material produces a continuous like of active volcanoes
Term
Convergent contact between plates
Definition
plates collide and are called "destructive" boundries because they result in removal or compression of the surface crust
Term
Transform contact between plates
Definition
two plates slip past one another. This slippage happens along great vertical fractures called transform faults
Term
Denudation
Definition
lowering of continental surfaces
Term
weathering
Definition
breaking down of rock into smaller components by atmospheric and biotic agents
Term
mass wasting
Definition
short downslope movement of broken rock material due to gravity
Term
erosion
Definition
more extensive and distant removeal, transportation and eventual deposition of fragmented rock material
Term
two ways mass wasting impacts the landscape
Definition
  1. fragmentation of bedrock
  2. open scar on the surface that was vacate and the accumulation of debri is deposited somewhere downslope from the scar
Term
master joint
Definition
large joint that extends for long distances and through considerable thickness
Term
joint system
Definition
two prominents sets of joints that intersect almost at right angles
Term
5 types of rock openings
Definition
  1. Microscopic openings - occur in profusion
  2. joints - most common - prepare the bedrock for faults
  3. Faults - break in the bedrock along which there is relative displacement of the walls making up the crack
  4. Lava vesicles - holes that develop in cooling lava when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies
  5. Solution cavities - holes formed in calcareous (limestone) rock as soluble minerals are disolved and carried away by perculating water
Term
three atmospheric components of chemical weathering
Definition

oxidation - oxygen disolved in water comes in contact w certain rock minerals

hydrolysis - chemical union of water with another substance to produce a new substance that is softer and weaker than the original

carbonation - reaction between water and carbon monoxide

Term
mass wasting and quick clays
Definition
spontaniously change from a relatively solid mass to a near liquid condition as a result of a sudden disturbance or shock
Term
calcreous rock
Definition
pourus rock
Term
three principles of weathering
Definition
  1. mechanical
  2. chemical
  3. biotic/biological
Term
what type of weathering does not change the chemical composition of rock
Definition
mechanical
Term
angle of repose
Definition

steepest angle on a slope without downward movement of rock

 

balance between the pull of gravity and the cohesion & friction of the rock material

Term
types of mechanical weathering
Definition

Frost Weding - freeze thaw action of water

Salt Weding - when salts crystalize out of solution as water evaporates

Temperature changes - fluctuation in temperatures from day to night & summer to winter

Exfoliation - curved layrs peel off bedgrock

Term
Tulus/Scree
Definition
pieces of unsorted angular rock that fall
Term
types of mass wasting
Definition
  1. Fall - taulus cones & taulus apron
  2. Creep - terracettes (compress soil in ridges) & solification (on frozen land)
  3. Flow - Earth flow & Mud flow
  4. Slide - Slump (backward rotation)
Term
fastest mass wasting
Definition
fall
Term
slowest mass wasting
Definition
creep
Term
sream deposited debris
Definition
alluvium
Term
disolved load
Definition
minerals and salts that have been dissolved and carried in the stream
Term
suspended load
Definition
fine particles of clay and slit which are carried in suspension
Term
which load carries the greatest amount of material
Definition
suspended load
Term
thalweg
Definition
imaginary line that runs in the direction of the water and indicates the deepeset part of the stream
Term
4 types of stream channel patterns
Definition
  1. straight - short and unusual
  2. sinious - winding with gentle and irregular curves
  3. meandering - extraordinarily intricate pattern
  4. braided streams - interwoven and interconnected channels
Term
Saltation
Definition
movement of small particles along a stream flow in a series of jumps and bounces
Term
splash erosion
Definition
occurs when rain drops collide with the ground and soil particles move up & out shifting lateraly
Term
which is the smalles and largest in a stream system?
Definition
smallest is 1 and largest is 3
Term
radial patter
Definition
drainage pattern associated with streams descending from a concentric pattern
Term
trellis patter of drainage
Definition
develops as a response to underlying band of tilted hard and soft strata with long parallel streams linked by short right angled segments
Term
what type of strata do knickpoints develop in?
Definition
resistant top layer of strata
Term
where is the greatest amount of erosion in a straight flowing stream?
Definition
center following the thalweg
Term
slower water movment in a straight stream happens where?
Definition
sides and bottom
Term
fastest movement of water in a straight stream
Definition
center
Term
greatest amount of erosion in a meandering stream
Definition
ouside the bends
Term
interfluves seperate what?
Definition
valleys
Term
dendric pattern
Definition
back of a leaf type
Term
Trellis drainage pattern
Definition
makes paths on soft bedrock
Term
centripetal drainage pattern
Definition
go into a basin
Term
radial drainage pattern
Definition
mountain/volcano (radiates)
Term
annular drainage pattern
Definition
develop on dome or basin forms a ring like pattern around the hill
Term
geyser
Definition
little to no hot water, water it has is converted to a stream
Term
karst topography studies what?
Definition
underground water
Term
Dolines
Definition

sink holes

uvalas

swallow holes

Term
stalactite
Definition
grow from top to the bottom
Term
stalagmite
Definition
grows from the bottom
Term
kart topography's last feature to form
Definition
tower karst
Term
where are most of worlds caves found
Definition
where there are large deposits of limestone
Term
Calcium Bicarbonate
Definition
mix of carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate
Term
eruption
Definition
hot water being ejected out of a gyser
Term
what desolves great quantities of limestone
Definition
acid made from carbonic acid dissolved in hot water
Term
3 things require in hydrothermal gyser
Definition
  1. weak/ broken ground surface
  2. abundance of water
  3. heat sour?
Term
where is more than half of the worlds hydrothermal phenomenon
Definition
Yellowstone Naitonal Park - 225 of 425 geysers are found in Yellowstone
Term
what kind of weathering has the least and the most affect on limestone?
Definition

mechanical has he least

chemical has the most

Term
solubility
Definition
function of water on minerals
Term
2 stages in cavern formation
Definition

initial excavation - percolating water disolves limestone bedrock and leaves voids

 

decoration stage - when deposited water leaves compounds which create a variety of speleothems

Term
fumaroles
Definition
hot springs with little water drainage. water that is drained is converted to steam
Term
speleothem
Definition
forms inside saves formed by compounds left behind by water
Term
4 things you can see in Kars topography from the air
Definition

sink holes

uvala

dissapearing streams

disrupted surface drainage

Term
karst topography requires
Definition
large limestone deposits
Term
what plates is California in?
Definition
Pacific plates
Term
most famous strike slip fault
Definition
San Andreas fault
Term
Denudation
Definition
overall effect of disintegration, wearing away and removal of rock material
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